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Proceedings of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014: Water without Borders, held in Portland, Oregon, June 1-5, 2014. Sponsored by the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE This collection contains 233 papers covering a broad range of current research and practice in the field of environmental and water resources engineering with a focus on trans-boundary water management. Papers from the following symposia are included: 11th Urban Watershed Management Symposium; 12th Symposium on Groundwater Hydrology, Quality, and Management; 16th Annual Symposium on Water Distribution Systems Analysis; 2nd Annual Symposium on Desalination and Water Reuse; 2014 Hydro-Climate Symposium on Modeling Climate Change; International Symposium on the Columbia River Basin; and Water Systems Planning under Climate Change Symposium. Additional topics include integrated water resources management; education and research; hydraulics and waterways; environmental planning and management; water, wastewater and stormwater management; and history and heritage. This proceedings will be of interest to a wide range of engineers in academic research, government agencies, and private sector design and construction.

Water resources --- Water management --- Stormwater management --- Water quality --- Water supply systems --- Wastewater management --- Groundwater management --- Resource management --- Water resources --- Water management --- Stormwater management --- Water quality --- Water supply systems --- Wastewater management --- Groundwater management --- Resource management

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Rivers have always shaped the development of human society, their flows of water and sediment influencing food production, transportation, industrial activity, and power generation. Extreme flows that cause flood and drought, erosion, and sedimentation have brought widespread damage and untold misery. Since ancient times, people have known that river flows transport sediment, but not until the start of the twentieth century did engineers and scientists begin to understand the complex interaction of flowing water and sediment. In this biography, Robert Ettema and Cornelia Mutel engagingly describe the work of one man —Hans Albert Einstein— and his search to understand and unravel the complexities of rivers. The son of Albert Einstein, Hans Albert developed theoretical insights and practical methods that helped lay groundwork for our current understanding of how flowing water transports sediment. Hans Albert's career was shaped by his early life and formal education in Switzerland, his move to the United States in the 1930s, and growing U.S. concerns about an array of sediment problems. The dynamic relationship with his famous father was played out against a backdrop of family quarrels and illness and political tensions. Though working in different fields of science, Hans Albert and Albert each stood at a scientific frontier. This shared circumstance enriched their relationship. Hans Albert Einstein: His Life as a Pioneering Engineer is a chronological walk through Hans Albert's life and his contributions to our understanding of river behavior. It includes the first published discussion of his personal interactions with his parents and brother, as well as his relationships with his wives and children. These details of family life parallel the examination of Hans Albert's search for formulas relating sediment transport and water flow in rivers. Hans Albert's research is positioned within the broader history of river engineering. This book gives a taste of the centuries-old efforts to define order in river behavior. Such efforts continue to the present day.

Hydraulic engineers --- Distinguished engineers --- Rivers and streams --- Sediment transport --- Water shortage --- River flow --- Sediment --- Water supply systems --- Water flow --- Switzerland --- Europe --- United States --- Einstein, H. A.

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In a changing climate, saltwater intrusion is expected to worsen in low-lying coastal areas around the world. Understanding the physical and economic effects of salinity ingress, and planning adaptation, are key to the long-term development of countries for which sea level rise has been identified as a major risk from climate change. This paper presents a study conducted in Bangladesh, which quantifies the prospective relationship between climate-induced changes in sea level, temperature, rainfall, and altered riverine flows from the Himalayas, and the spread and intensity of salinization on river water in the coastal zone for 2050. The research takes into account the projected land subsidence of the Ganges Delta, as well as alternative scenarios of upstream withdrawal of freshwater. The findings indicate that climate change will cause significant changes in river salinity in the southwest coastal area of Bangladesh by 2050. These changes are likely to lead to significant shortages of drinking water in the coastal urban areas, scarcity of water for irrigation for dry-season agriculture, and significant changes in the coastal aquatic ecosystems. Changes in the availability of freshwater fish will likely affect the composition of capture fishery, although the increase in brackish water will enhance opportunities for brackish water aquaculture. Assessment of location-specific economic impacts of the changes in river salinity, identification of suitable adaptation alternatives, and costing of adaptation are high priorities for further analysis.

Climate Change --- Coastal Vulnerability --- Common Property Resource Development --- Hydrological Modeling --- River Salinity --- Rural Development --- Sea Level Rise --- Water Conservation --- Water Resources --- Water Supply & Systems --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions --- Wetlands

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Although water variability has already been observed across river basins, climate change is predicted to increase variability. Such environmental changes may aggravate political tensions, especially in regions that are not equipped with an appropriate institutional apparatus. Increased variability is also likely to challenge regions with existing institutional capacity. This paper argues that the best attempts to assess the ability of states to deal with variability in the future rest with considering how agreements have fared in the past. The paper investigates to what extent particular mechanisms and institutional designs help mitigate inter-country tensions over shared water. The analysis specifically focuses on identifying which water allocation mechanisms and institutional features provide better opportunities for mitigating conflict given that water allocation issues tend to be most salient among riparians. Water-related events from the Basins at Risk events database are used as the dependent variable to test hypotheses regarding the viability, or resilience, of treaties over time. Climatic, geographic, political, and economic variables are used as controls. The analysis is conducted for the years 1948-2001 with the country dyad as the level of observation. Findings pertaining to the primary explanatory variables suggest that country dyads governed by treaties with water allocation mechanisms exhibiting both flexibility and specificity evince more cooperative behavior. Country dyads governed by treaties with a larger sum of institutional mechanisms likewise evince a higher level of cooperation, although certain institutional mechanisms are more important than others.

Climate Change --- Common Property Resource Development --- Conflict --- Institutional Mechanisms --- International Water Law --- Rural Development --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water & Industry --- Water Allocation Mechanisms --- Water Resources --- Water Supply & Systems --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions --- Water Variability