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Sex After Life aims to consider the various ways in which the concept of life has provided normative and moralizing ballast for queer, feminist and critical theories. Arguing against a notion of the queer as counter-normative, Sex After Life appeals to the concept of life as a philosophical problem. Life is neither a material ground nor a generative principle, but can nevertheless offer itself for new forms of problem formation that exceed the all too human logics of survival.
Queer theory. --- Ecofeminism. --- Life. --- Life --- Eco-feminism --- Ecological feminism --- Feminist ecology --- Green feminism --- Feminism --- Human ecology --- Women and the environment --- Gender identity --- Philosophy --- critical theory --- feminist theory --- queer theory --- Deleuze and Guattari --- Gilles Deleuze --- René Descartes --- Social norm --- Vitalism
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While all of us regularly use basic math symbols such as those for plus, minus, and equals, few of us know that many of these symbols weren't available before the sixteenth century. What did mathematicians rely on for their work before then? And how did mathematical notations evolve into what we know today? In Enlightening Symbols, popular math writer Joseph Mazur explains the fascinating history behind the development of our mathematical notation system. He shows how symbols were used initially, how one symbol replaced another over time, and how written math was conveyed before and after symbols became widely adopted.Traversing mathematical history and the foundations of numerals in different cultures, Mazur looks at how historians have disagreed over the origins of the numerical system for the past two centuries. He follows the transfigurations of algebra from a rhetorical style to a symbolic one, demonstrating that most algebra before the sixteenth century was written in prose or in verse employing the written names of numerals. Mazur also investigates the subconscious and psychological effects that mathematical symbols have had on mathematical thought, moods, meaning, communication, and comprehension. He considers how these symbols influence us (through similarity, association, identity, resemblance, and repeated imagery), how they lead to new ideas by subconscious associations, how they make connections between experience and the unknown, and how they contribute to the communication of basic mathematics.From words to abbreviations to symbols, this book shows how math evolved to the familiar forms we use today.
Mathematical notation --- History. --- Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī. --- Alexandria. --- Arabic alphabet. --- Arabic numbers. --- Arabs. --- Arithmetica Integra. --- Arithmetica. --- Ars Magna. --- Aztec numerals. --- Babylonians. --- Brahmagupta. --- Brahmasphutasiddhanta. --- Brahmi number system. --- Cartesian coordinate system. --- China. --- Chinese. --- Christoff Rudolff. --- Clavis mathematicae. --- Die Coss. --- Diophantus. --- Egyptian hieroglyphics. --- Elements. --- Euclid. --- Eurasia. --- Europe. --- France. --- François Viète. --- Geometria. --- George Rusby Kaye. --- Gerbertian abacus. --- Gerolamo Cardano. --- Gottfried Leibniz. --- Gotthilf von Schubert. --- Greek alphabet. --- Heron of Alexandria. --- Hindu-Arabic numerals. --- Ibn al-Qifti. --- India. --- Indian mathematics. --- Indian numbers. --- Indian numerals. --- Invisible Gorilla experiment. --- Isaac Newton. --- Jacques Hadamard. --- Kanka. --- L'Algebra. --- Leonardo Fibonacci. --- Liber abbaci. --- Ludwig Wittgenstein. --- Mayan system. --- Metrica. --- Michael Stifel. --- Michel Chasles. --- Nicolas Chuquet. --- Proclus. --- Pythagorean theorem. --- Rafael Bombelli. --- René Descartes. --- Roman numerals. --- Royal Road. --- Sanskrit. --- Silk Road. --- St. Andrews cross. --- Stanislas Dehaene. --- Ta'rikh al-hukama. --- William Jones. --- William Oughtred. --- abacus. --- al-Qalasādi. --- algebra. --- algebraic expressions. --- algebraic symbols. --- alphabet. --- ancient number system. --- arithmetic. --- calculus. --- counting rods. --- counting. --- curves. --- decimal system. --- dependent variables. --- dignità. --- dreams. --- dust boards. --- equality. --- equations. --- exponents. --- finger counting. --- fluents. --- fluxions. --- forgeries. --- geometry. --- homogeneous equations. --- images. --- infinitesimals. --- juxtaposition. --- known quantities. --- language. --- mathematical notation. --- mathematics. --- meaning. --- mental pictures. --- metaphor. --- modern arithmetic. --- modern number system. --- multiplication. --- natural language. --- negative numbers. --- nested square roots. --- notation. --- number system. --- numbers. --- numerals. --- operations. --- place-value. --- poetry. --- polynomials. --- positive numbers. --- powers. --- prime numbers. --- proofs. --- quadratic equations. --- reckoning. --- sexagesimal system. --- square roots. --- symbolic algebra. --- symbols. --- thought. --- trade. --- verbal language. --- vinculum. --- vowel--consonant notation. --- words. --- writing.
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What is algebra? For some, it is an abstract language of x's and y's. For mathematics majors and professional mathematicians, it is a world of axiomatically defined constructs like groups, rings, and fields. Taming the Unknown considers how these two seemingly different types of algebra evolved and how they relate. Victor Katz and Karen Parshall explore the history of algebra, from its roots in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, China, and India, through its development in the medieval Islamic world and medieval and early modern Europe, to its modern form in the early twentieth century.Defining algebra originally as a collection of techniques for determining unknowns, the authors trace the development of these techniques from geometric beginnings in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and classical Greece. They show how similar problems were tackled in Alexandrian Greece, in China, and in India, then look at how medieval Islamic scholars shifted to an algorithmic stage, which was further developed by medieval and early modern European mathematicians. With the introduction of a flexible and operative symbolism in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, algebra entered into a dynamic period characterized by the analytic geometry that could evaluate curves represented by equations in two variables, thereby solving problems in the physics of motion. This new symbolism freed mathematicians to study equations of degrees higher than two and three, ultimately leading to the present abstract era.Taming the Unknown follows algebra's remarkable growth through different epochs around the globe.
Algebra --- History. --- Alexandria. --- Ancient China. --- Ancient Greece. --- Apollonius. --- Arabic language. --- Archimedes. --- Arithmetica universalis. --- Arithmetica. --- Athens. --- Book of Numbers and Computation. --- Brahmagupta. --- Brāhma-sphụta-siddhānta. --- Chinese intellectual culture. --- Chinese mathematicians. --- Chinese remainder problem. --- Diophantus. --- Egypt. --- Euclid. --- François Viète. --- Gerbert of Aurillac. --- Greek mathematics. --- Indian mathematicians. --- Islam. --- Islamic learning. --- Islamic mathematics. --- Islamic rule. --- Islamic world. --- Italy. --- Kerala school. --- Latin West. --- Medieval China. --- Mesopotamia. --- Pell equation. --- Pierre de Fermat. --- Renaissance algebra. --- René Descartes. --- Roman Alexandria. --- Roman conquest. --- Suan shu shu. --- Thomas Harriot. --- Western intellectual culture. --- algebra. --- algebraic equations. --- algebraic research. --- algebraic thought. --- algebraists. --- analytic geometry. --- ancient civilization. --- ancient civilizations. --- ancient mathematical records. --- axiomatization. --- classical learning. --- complex numbers. --- cubics. --- curves. --- determinants. --- determinate equations. --- divine inspiration. --- educational reforms. --- equations. --- fields. --- fifth-degree polynomials. --- foreign sciences. --- geometrical algebra. --- group theory. --- group. --- groups. --- higher-order equations. --- indeterminate equations. --- institutionalized mathematics. --- international mathematical community. --- invariants. --- linear equations. --- linear transformations. --- mathematics. --- matrices. --- modern algebra. --- n unknowns. --- new algebraic constructs. --- new algebraic systems. --- numbers. --- operative symbolism. --- papyrus scrolls. --- permutations. --- physical interpretations. --- polynomial equations. --- problem solving. --- problem-solving techniques. --- proportions. --- quartics. --- religious sciences. --- rings. --- simultaneous solutions. --- sixteenth-century Europe. --- solvable equations. --- symbolism. --- vectors. --- western Europe. --- Āryabhạta. --- Āryabhạtīya.
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