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This report examines varying opinion in regards to Scotland's Independence Referendum. The report also discusses U.S. views on the topic.

Referendum --- Constitutional law --- Self-determination, National --- History

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The initiative is the product of the populist movement, which in the late nineteenth century sought to increase voter control of what were viewed as unrepresentative state and local governments. Today, twenty-four states allow registered voters to place proposed state laws on the referendum ballot, and eighteen states authorize voters to place proposed state constitutional amendments on the referendum ballot by collecting a specified number of valid voter signatures. Numerous local governments have a charter provision or a state law provision allowing voters to employ the popular lawmaking device. In The Initiative, Second Edition, Joseph F. Zimmerman traces the origin and spread of the initiative in the United States. The initiative has been a controversial device since first being introduced in South Dakota in 1898, with arguments both in support and in opposition. Zimmerman examines and evaluates both the legal foundation of the initiative, and the arguments against its use. He then concludes with a chapter that develops model constitutional, statutory, and local government charter provisions to assist jurisdictions and their voters contemplating adoption of the initiative or amendment of already existing constitutional, statutory, and charter initiative provisions.

Referendum --- Ballot initiatives --- Ballot measures --- Initiative and referendum --- Initiatives, Ballot --- Propositions (Referendum) --- Referenda --- Referendums --- Democracy --- Elections --- Representative government and representation --- Direct democracy --- Plebiscite

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Constitutional amendments --- Referendum --- Ballot initiatives --- Ballot measures --- Initiative and referendum --- Initiatives, Ballot --- Propositions (Referendum) --- Referenda --- Referendums --- Democracy --- Elections --- Representative government and representation --- Direct democracy --- Plebiscite --- Amendments, Constitutional --- Constitutional law --- Constitutions --- Constitutional entrenchment --- 213 Democratie --- Droit constitutionnel --- Référendum --- Plébiscite --- Révision constitutionnelle --- Etudes comparatives

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Although referendums have been used for centuries to settle ethnonational conflicts, there has yet been no systematic study or generalized theory concerning their effectiveness. Referendums and Ethnic Conflict fills the gap with a comparative and empirical analysis of all the referendums held on ethnic and national issues from the French Revolution to the 2012 referendum on statehood for Puerto Rico. Drawing on political theory and descriptive case studies, Matt Qvortrup creates typologies of referendums that are held to endorse secession, redraw disputed borders, legitimize a policy of homogenization, or otherwise manage ethnic or national differences. He considers the circumstances that compel politicians to resort to direct democracy, such as regime change, and the conditions that might exacerbate a violent response. Qvortrup offers a clear-eyed assessment of the problems raised when conflict resolution is sought through referendum as well as the conditions that are likely to lead to peaceful outcomes. This original political framework will provide a vital resource in the ongoing investigation into how democracy and nationalism may be reconciled.

Referendum. --- Ethnic conflict --- Political aspects. --- Government policy. --- Political Science. --- Public Policy.

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Why have referendums on European integration proliferated since the 1970s? How are referendums accommodated within member states' constitutional orders and with what impact on the European integration process? What is the likely institutional impact of referendums on the future of the European integration process? Drawing on an interdisciplinary approach, these are just some of the fundamental questions addressed in this book. The central thesis is that the EU is faced with a 'direct democratic dilemma', which is compounded by the EU's rigid constitutional structure and a growing politicisation of the referendum device on matters related to European integration. Referendums and the European Union discusses how this dilemma has emerged to impact on the course of integration and how it can be addressed.

Public law. Constitutional law --- Comparative law --- Political sociology --- European Union --- Referendum --- European federation. --- Federation of Europe --- Pan Europa movement --- Paneuropean federation --- United States of Europe (Proposed) --- Federal government --- Regionalism (International organization) --- Ballot initiatives --- Ballot measures --- Initiative and referendum --- Initiatives, Ballot --- Propositions (Referendum) --- Referenda --- Referendums --- Democracy --- Elections --- Representative government and representation --- Direct democracy --- Plebiscite --- European Union countries --- Politics and government. --- European federation