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L'exposition professionnelle aux rayonnements ionisants représente une très petite part de l'exposition globale de la population française. Pour les 355000 travailleurs surveillés en 2012, la dose moyenne reçue était de 0,18 mSv soit une faible partie de la dose individuelle annuelle de 3,7 mSv/an pour la population générale.Bien que faible à l'échelle collective, l'exposition des travailleurs doit être maintenue au niveau le plus bas qu'il est raisonnablement possible d'atteindre (principe ALARA).En matière de radioprotection , on va donc s'attacher à évaluer le risque et les effets des rayonnements ionisants afin de prévenir les dommages liés aux irradiations. Pour ce faire, en routine sont pratiqués des dosimétries physiques qui vont permettre de contrôler l'exposition parfois en temps réel. Des examens complémentaires sont également réalisés pour certaines catégories de travailleurs : examens hématologiques et radiotoxicologiques. Depuis le milieu de 20ème siècle, la surveillance biologique s'est tournée vers les analyses cytogénétiques qui permettent d'évaluer les dommages des rayonnements ionisants à l'échelle chromosomique et même d'effectuer des dosimétries biologiques.Les techniques ayant fait leur preuve sont le test des chromosomes dicentriques, le test de FISH et le test des micronoyaux. Leur réalisation est couteuse et les résultats demandent un certain délai. Ils sont loin d'être pratiqués en routine et sont plutôt réservés à des expertises pour la détermination de la dose de façon rétrospective ou pour le tri des personnes lors d'un accident radiologique de grande ampleur.En France, seuls les deux premiers tests sont disponibles. Ce travail peut aider à éclairer le médecin du travail sur les examens de dosimétrie biologique disponibles pour le suivi des travailleurs exposés aux rayonnements ionisants, en particulier lors d'une exposition inhabi­tuelle suspectée ou avérée.

Occupational Medicine --- Radiation Protection --- Radiation, Ionizing --- Radiation, Ionizing

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This topical issue is based on the presentations given at the 26th National Solar Observatory (NSO) Summer Workshop held at the National Solar Observatory/Sacramento Peak, New Mexico, USA from 30 April to 4 May 2012. This unique forum brought together experts in different areas of solar and space physics to help in developing a full picture of the origin of solar phenomena that affect Earth’s technological systems.  The articles include theory, model, and observation research on the origin of the solar activity and its cycle, as well as a discussion on how to incorporate the research into space-weather forecasting tools.  This volume is aimed at graduate students and researchers active in solar physics and space science.  Previously published in Solar Physics, Vol. 289/2, 2014.

Solar activity. --- Space environment. --- Helioseismology. --- Solar dynamics --- Solar seismology --- Astroseismology --- Environment, Space --- Extraterrestrial environment --- Space weather --- Extreme environments --- Solar radiation --- Stellar activity --- Astrophysics. --- Environmental protection. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Effects of Radiation/Radiation Protection. --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Space sciences. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Radiation protection. --- Radiation—Safety measures. --- Radiation monitoring --- Radiation protection --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science

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Applications of EPR in Radiation Research is a multi-author contributed volume presented in eight themes: I. Elementary radiation processes (fundamental reaction mechanisms, low temperature radiolysis, quantum solids); II: Solid state radiation chemistry (crystalline, amorphous and heterogeneous systems); III: Biochemistry, biophysics and biology applications (radicals in biomaterials, spin trapping, free-radical-induced DNA damage); IV: Materials science (polymeric and electronic materials, materials for treatment of nuclear waste); V: Radiation metrology (EPR-dosimetry, clinical applications); VI: Geological applications; VII: Advanced techniques (pulsed and optically detected EPR, spatial distributions of radicals, radical ion pairs); VIII: Theoretical tools (density-functional calculations, spectrum simulations).  .

Electron paramagnetic resonance --- Research. --- Electron resonance --- Electron spin resonance --- EPR (Magnetic resonance) --- ESR (Magnetic resonance) --- Paramagnetic resonance, Electron --- Magnetic resonance --- Paramagnetism --- Nuclear chemistry. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Environmental protection. --- Nucleic acids. --- Cytology. --- Chemistry. --- Nuclear Chemistry. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Effects of Radiation/Radiation Protection. --- Nucleic Acid Chemistry. --- Oxidative Stress. --- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry. --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Chemistry, Nuclear --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Physical sciences --- Materials science. --- Radiation protection. --- Radiation—Safety measures. --- Oxidative stress. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical. --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry --- Oxidation-reduction reaction --- Stress (Physiology) --- Radiation monitoring --- Radiation protection --- Material science

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The book analyses the risks of nuclear power stations. The security concept of reactors is explained. Measures against the spread of radioactivity after a severe accident, accidents of core melting and a possible crash of an air plane on a reactor containment are discussed. The book covers three scientific subjects of the safety concepts of Light Water Reactors: – A first part describes the basic safety design concepts of operating German Pressurized Water Reactors and Boiling Water Reactors including accident management measures introduced after the reactor accidents of Three Mile Island and Chernobyl. These safety concepts are also compared with the experiences of the Fukushima accidents. In addition, the safety design concepts of the future modern European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR) and of the future modern Boiling Water Reactor SWR-1000 (KERENA) are presented. These are based on new safety research results of the past decades. – In a second, part the possible crash of military or heavy commercial air planes on a reactor containment is analyzed. It is shown that reactor containments can be designed to resist to such an airplane crash. – In a third part, an online decision system is presented. It allows to analyze the distribution of radioactivity in the atmosphere and to the environment after a severe reactor accident. It provides data for decisions to be taken by authorities for the minimization of radiobiological effects to the population. This book appeals to readers who have an interest in save living conditions and some understanding for physics or engineering.

Light water reactors --- Force and energy. --- Nuclear energy. --- Power (Mechanics) --- Power resources. --- Safety measures. --- Environmental protection. --- Nuclear Energy. --- Effects of Radiation/Radiation Protection. --- Energy Systems. --- Security Science and Technology. --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Energy --- Energy resources --- Power supply --- Natural resources --- Energy harvesting --- Energy industries --- Mechanics --- Atomic energy --- Atomic power --- Energy, Atomic --- Energy, Nuclear --- Nuclear power --- Power, Atomic --- Power, Nuclear --- Force and energy --- Nuclear physics --- Power resources --- Nuclear engineering --- Nuclear facilities --- Nuclear power plants --- Conservation of energy --- Correlation of forces --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Reactors, Light water --- Nuclear reactors --- Water cooled reactors --- Radiation protection. --- Radiation—Safety measures. --- Energy systems. --- System safety. --- Radiation monitoring --- Radiation protection --- Safety, System --- Safety of systems --- Systems safety --- Accidents --- Industrial safety --- Systems engineering --- Prevention