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The English 'Old Poor Law' was the first national system of tax-funded social welfare in the world. It provided a safety net for hundreds of thousands of paupers at a time of very limited national wealth and productivity. "The First Century of Welfare", which focusses on the poor, but developing, county of Lancashire, provides the first major regional study of poverty and its relief in the seventeenth century. Drawing on thousands of individual petitions for poor relief, presented by paupers themselves to magistrates, it peers into the social and economic world of England's marginal people. Taken together, these records present a vivid and sobering picture of the daily lives and struggles of the poor. We can see how their family life, their relations with their kin and their neighbours, and the dictates of contemporary gender norms conditioned their lives. We can also see how they experienced illness and physical and mental disability; and the ways in which real people's lives could be devastated by dearth, trade depression, and the destruction of the Civil Wars. But the picture is not just one of poor folk tossed by the tides of fortune. It is also one of agency: about the strategies of economic survival the poor adopted, particularly in the context of a developing industrial economy, of the support they gained from their relatives and neighbours, and of their willingness to engage with England's developing system of social welfare to ensure that they and their families did not go hungry. In this book, an intensely human picture surfaces of what it was like to experience poverty at a time when the seeds of state social welfare were being planted. JONATHAN HEALEY is University Lecturer in English Local and Social History and Fellow of Kellogg College, University of Oxford.

Poor --- Disadvantaged, Economically --- Economically disadvantaged --- Impoverished people --- Low-income people --- Pauperism --- Poor, The --- Poor people --- Persons --- Social classes --- Poverty --- History --- Economic conditions --- Poor laws --- Charity laws and legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- English Old Poor Law. --- Lancashire. --- family life. --- gender norms. --- illness. --- paupers. --- poverty. --- relief. --- seventeenth century. --- social and economic. --- trade depression.

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This book deals with foundation law in various European countries. It sums up contributions from the most outstanding experts in foundation law in fourteen countries. These are either civil law or common law, and their socio-economical situation is considerably different. Despite the outstanding differences in each country, foundations have been growing in number and importance all over Europe in the last decades. Political, economical and social changes occurred in various European countries increased foundations' role. The need to focus on foundations' laws and regulations arose in many States for different reasons. The contributions in this book focus in particular on the recent development of foundation law, on the evolution foundations have undergone in recent years and on trends in law.

Business Taxation/Tax Law. --- Comparative law. --- Conflict of laws. --- International law. --- Law. --- Private International Law, International & Foreign Law, Comparative Law. --- Private international law. --- Public International Law. --- Public international law. --- Tax accounting. --- Tax laws. --- Charity laws and legislation --- Charities --- Law, Charity --- Poor laws --- Law and legislation --- Private International Law, International & Foreign Law, Comparative Law . --- Public International Law . --- Taxation --- Finance, Public --- Accounting --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- Law --- Tax laws --- Tax legislation --- Tax regulations --- Choice of law --- Conflict of laws --- Intermunicipal law --- International law, Private --- International private law --- Private international law --- Legal polycentricity --- Civil law