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This volume provides a synopsis of current research on volcanic processes, as gained through the use of palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic techniques. Thermoremanent magnetization information provides a powerful means of deciphering thermal processes in volcanic deposits, including estimating the emplacement temperature of pyroclastic deposits, which allows us to understand better the rates of cooling during eruption and transport. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and anisotropy of remanence are used primarily to investigate rock fabrics and to quantify flow dynamics in dykes, lava flows, and pyroclastic deposits, as well as identify vent locations. Rock-magnetic characteristics allow correlation of volcanic deposits, but also provide means to date volcanic deposits and to understand better their cooling history. Because lava flows are typically good recorders of past magnetic fields, data from them allow understanding of changes in geomagnetic field directions and intensity, providing clues on the origin of Earth's magnetic field.--
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This monograph examines magnetization dynamics at elevated temperatures which can be described by the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation (SLLG). The first part of the book studies the role of noise in finite ensembles of nanomagnetic particles: we show geometric ergodicity of a unique invariant measure of Gibbs type and study related properties of approximations of the SLLG, including time discretization and Ginzburg-Landau type penalization. In the second part we propose an implementable space-time discretization using random walks to construct a weak martingale solution of the corresponding stochastic partial differential equation which describes the magnetization process of infinite spin ensembles. The last part of the book is concerned with a macroscopic deterministic equation which describes temperature effects on macro-spins, i.e. expectations of the solutions to the SLLG. Furthermore, comparative computational studies with the stochastic model are included. We use constructive tools such as e.g. finite element methods to derive the theoretical results, which are then used for computational studies. The numerical experiments motivate an interesting interplay between inherent geometric and stochastic effects of the SLLG which still lack a rigorous analytical understanding: the role of space-time white noise, possible finite time blow-up behavior of solutions, long-time asymptotics, and effective dynamics.
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This book mainly focuses on the investigation of the electric-field control of magnetism and spin-dependent transportation based on a Co40Fe40B20(CoFeB)/Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.7Ti0.3O3(PMN-PT) multiferroic heterostructure. Methods of characterization and analysis of the multiferroic properties with in situ electric fields are induced to detect the direct magnetoelectric (ME) coupling. A switchable and non-volatile electric field control of magnetization in CoFeB/PMN-PT(001) structures is observed at room temperature, and the mechanism of direct coupling between the ferroelectric domain and ferromagnetic film due to the combined action of 109° ferroelastic domain switching in PMN-PT and the absence of magnetocrystalline anisotropy in CoFeB is demonstrated. Moreover, the electric-field control of giant magnetoresistance is achieved in a CoFeB-based spin valve deposited on top of (011) oriented PMN-PT, which offers an avenue for implementing electric-writing and magnetic-reading random access memory at room temperature. Readers will learn the basic properties of multiferroic materials, many useful techniques related to characterizing multiferroics and the interesting ME effect in CoFeB/PMN-PT structures, which is significant for applications.
Electric fields. --- Electromagnetic fields. --- Magnetization. --- Fields, Electromagnetic --- Magnetic fields --- Electric fields --- Field theory (Physics) --- Electromagnetic fields --- Magnetism --- Magnetism. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Magnetism, Magnetic Materials. --- Surfaces and Interfaces, Thin Films. --- Electronic Circuits and Devices. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Surface and Interface Science, Thin Films. --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Mathematical physics --- Electricity --- Magnetics --- Magnetic materials. --- Materials—Surfaces. --- Thin films. --- Electronic circuits. --- Materials science. --- Interfaces (Physical sciences). --- Surfaces (Physics) --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Electron-tube circuits --- Electric circuits --- Electron tubes --- Electronics --- Films, Thin --- Solid film --- Solid state electronics --- Solids --- Coatings --- Thick films --- Materials
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"Addressed to both in-training and established radiologists and clinicians, Musculoskeletal MRI Structured Evaluation: How to Practically Fill the Reporting Checklist, written by experts in musculoskeletal imaging, offers the structured checklists for interpreting and reporting musculoskeletal MRI examinations. It describes the "how to" of using these templates and incorporating them into the clinical practice. Each chapter is dedicated to a separate joint or specific group of entities, and includes the reporting template along with a step-by-step description and imaging examples of the entire spectrum of the corresponding pathology"--Provided by publisher.
Tomography --- Diagnostic Imaging --- Diseases --- Investigative Techniques --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Magnetic Resonance Imaging --- Diagnosis --- Methods --- Musculoskeletal Diseases --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Musculoskeletal System Diseases --- Orthopedic Disorders --- Musculoskeletal Disease --- Orthopedic Disorder --- Methodological Studies --- Methodological Study --- Procedures --- Studies, Methodological --- Study, Methodological --- Method --- Procedure --- Antemortem Diagnosis --- Diagnoses and Examinations --- Examinations and Diagnoses --- Postmortem Diagnosis --- Diagnose --- Antemortem Diagnoses --- Diagnoses --- Diagnoses, Antemortem --- Diagnoses, Postmortem --- Diagnosis, Antemortem --- Diagnosis, Postmortem --- Postmortem Diagnoses --- Disease --- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging --- Imaging, Chemical Shift --- Proton Spin Tomography --- Spin Echo Imaging --- Steady-State Free Precession MRI --- Tomography, MR --- Zeugmatography --- Chemical Shift Imaging --- MR Tomography --- MRI Scans --- MRI, Functional --- Magnetic Resonance Image --- Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Functional --- Magnetization Transfer Contrast Imaging --- NMR Imaging --- NMR Tomography --- Tomography, NMR --- Tomography, Proton Spin --- fMRI --- Chemical Shift Imagings --- Echo Imaging, Spin --- Echo Imagings, Spin --- Functional MRI --- Functional MRIs --- Image, Magnetic Resonance --- Imaging, Magnetic Resonance --- Imaging, NMR --- Imaging, Spin Echo --- Imagings, Chemical Shift --- Imagings, Spin Echo --- MRI Scan --- MRIs, Functional --- Magnetic Resonance Images --- Resonance Image, Magnetic --- Scan, MRI --- Scans, MRI --- Shift Imaging, Chemical --- Shift Imagings, Chemical --- Spin Echo Imagings --- Steady State Free Precession MRI --- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy --- Anatomy, Cross-Sectional --- Diagnostic Technics and Procedures --- Technics and Procedures, Diagnostic --- Techniques and Procedures, Diagnostic --- Diagnostic Testing --- Testing, Diagnostic --- Sensitivity and Specificity --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Imaging, Diagnostic --- Imaging, Medical --- Medical Imaging --- Radiologic and Imaging Nursing --- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted --- Tomographies --- diagnosis --- methods --- Musculoskeletal system --- Magnetic resonance imaging. --- Locomotor system --- Musculo-skeletal system --- Skeletomuscular system
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