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A smart rotor is a wind turbine rotor that, through a combination of sensors, control units and actuators actively reduces the variation of the aerodynamic loads it has to withstand. Smart rotors feature a promising load alleviation potential, and might provide the technological breakthrough required by the next generation of large wind turbine rotors. The book presents the aero-servo-elastic model of a smart rotor with Adaptive Trailing Edge Flaps for active load alleviation, and provides an insight on the rotor aerodynamic, structural, and control modeling. A novel model for the unsteady aerodynamics of an airfoil section with flap is presented, and coupled with a multi-body structural representation. A smart rotor configuration is proposed, where the Adaptive Trailing Edge Flaps extend along the outer 20 % of the blade span. Linear Quadratic and Model Predictive algorithms are formulated to control the flap deflection.  The potential of the smart rotor is finally confirmed by simulations in a turbulent wind field. A significant reduction of the fatigue loads on the blades is reported:  the flaps, which cover no more than 1.5 % of the blade surface, reduce the fatigue load by 15 %; a combination of flap and individual pitch control allows for fatigue reductions up to 30 %.

Wind turbines --- Rotors --- Mathematical models. --- Rotational motion --- Air-turbines --- Turbines --- Windmills --- Renewable energy sources. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Fluid- and Aerodynamics. --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Power resources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Renewable energy resources. --- Fluids. --- Hydraulics --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Hydrostatics --- Permeability

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In this "SpringerBrief" the author considers the underlying problems and questions that are common to numerical models of turbulence in different astrophysical systems. Turbulence has emerged as an important research topic in several areas of astrophysics. Understanding and modeling turbulence is particularly important for the dynamics of the interstellar medium, but also for the intergalactic medium, as well as in stars. The advancement of methods for numerical simulations of astrophysical turbulence, however, is still challenging because of gravity, strong compressibility, magnetic fields, and other effects. The book begins with a review of general aspects of numerical simulations of turbulence. In the main part the author presents findings from his numerical studies on astrophysical turbulence and discusses the astrophysical implications. He also explains in detail the numerical schemes utilized. Readers will find that this book offers a compact yet comprehensive introduction.

Astrophysics. --- Turbulence. --- Flow, Turbulent --- Turbulent flow --- Astronomical physics --- Physics. --- Fluids. --- Applied mathematics. --- Engineering mathematics. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Numerical and Computational Physics. --- Appl.Mathematics/Computational Methods of Engineering. --- Fluid- and Aerodynamics. --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Fluid dynamics --- Numerical and Computational Physics, Simulation. --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering. --- Engineering --- Engineering analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- Mathematics --- Hydraulics --- Mechanics --- Hydrostatics --- Permeability --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics

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The theory of incompressible multipolar viscous fluids is a non-Newtonian model of fluid flow, which incorporates nonlinear viscosity, as well as higher order velocity gradients, and is based on scientific first principles. The Navier-Stokes model of fluid flow is based on the Stokes hypothesis, which a priori simplifies and restricts the relationship between the stress tensor and the velocity. By relaxing the constraints of the Stokes hypothesis, the mathematical theory of multipolar viscous fluids generalizes the standard Navier-Stokes model. The rigorous theory of multipolar viscous fluids  is compatible with all known thermodynamical processes and the principle of material frame indifference; this is in contrast with the formulation of most non-Newtonian fluid flow models which result from ad hoc assumptions about the relation between the stress tensor and the velocity. The higher-order boundary conditions, which must be formulated for multipolar viscous flow problems, are a rigorous consequence of the principle of virtual work; this is in stark contrast to the approach employed by authors who have studied the regularizing effects of adding artificial viscosity, in the form of higher order spatial derivatives, to the Navier-Stokes model.   A number of research groups, primarily in the United States, Germany, Eastern Europe, and China, have explored the consequences of multipolar viscous fluid models; these efforts, and those of the authors, which are described in this book, have focused on the solution of problems in the context of specific geometries, on the existence of weak and classical solutions, and on dynamical systems aspects of the theory.   This volume will be a valuable resource for mathematicians interested in solutions to systems of nonlinear partial differential equations, as well as to applied mathematicians, fluid dynamicists, and mechanical engineers with an interest in the problems of fluid mechanics.

Non-Newtonian fluids. --- Fluid dynamics. --- Mathematics. --- Partial differential equations. --- Mathematical physics. --- Fluids. --- Mathematical Physics. --- Partial Differential Equations. --- Fluid- and Aerodynamics. --- Dynamics --- Fluid mechanics --- Newtonian fluids --- Rheology --- Viscous flow --- Differential equations, partial. --- Partial differential equations --- Hydraulics --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Hydrostatics --- Permeability --- Physical mathematics --- Mathematics

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Providing a clear and systematic description of droplets and spray dynamic models, this book maximises reader insight into the underlying physics of the processes involved, outlines the development of new physical and mathematical models, and broadens understanding of interactions between the complex physical processes which take place in sprays. Complementing approaches based on the direct application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), Droplets and Sprays treats both theoretical and practical aspects of internal combustion engine process such as the direct injection of liquid fuel, subcritical heating and evaporation. Includes case studies that illustrate the approaches relevance to automotive applications,  it is also anticipated that the described models can find use in other areas such as in medicine and environmental science.

Drops. --- Spraying. --- Fluid mechanics. --- Hydromechanics --- Continuum mechanics --- Atomization --- Coating processes --- Drips --- Droplets --- Liquids --- Spheroidal state --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Engineering. --- Engineering Fluid Dynamics. --- Fluid- and Aerodynamics. --- Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer. --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Engineering --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- Fluids. --- Thermodynamics. --- Heat engineering. --- Heat transfer. --- Mass transfer. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Mass transport (Physics) --- Thermodynamics --- Transport theory --- Heat transfer --- Thermal transfer --- Transmission of heat --- Energy transfer --- Mechanical engineering --- Hydrostatics --- Permeability

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This book presents fundamental concepts and seminal results to the study of vortex filaments in equilibrium. It also presents new discoveries in quasi-2D vortex structures with applications to geophysical fluid dynamics and magnetohydrodynamics in plasmas.  It fills a gap in the vortex statistics literature by simplifying the mathematical introduction to this complex topic, covering numerical methods, and exploring a wide range of applications with numerous examples. The authors have produced an introduction that is clear and easy to read, leading the reader step-by-step into this topical area. Alongside the theoretical concepts and mathematical formulations, interesting applications are discussed. This combination makes the text useful for students and researchers in mathematics and physics.

Nonlinear waves --- Statistical mechanics --- Mathematics. --- Mathematical models. --- Mechanics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Quantum statistics --- Statistical physics --- Thermodynamics --- Nonlinear theories --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Waves --- Computer science. --- Computational Science and Engineering. --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics. --- Fluid- and Aerodynamics. --- Mathematical Physics. --- Informatics --- Science --- Computer mathematics. --- Mathematical physics. --- Fluids. --- Hydraulics --- Physics --- Hydrostatics --- Permeability --- Physical mathematics --- Computer mathematics --- Electronic data processing --- Mathematics --- Continuum mechanics. --- Continuum Mechanics. --- Data processing. --- Mechanics of continua --- Elasticity --- Field theory (Physics)