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The external sector assessments use a range of methods and metrics, including the External Balance Assessment approach developed by the IMF's Research Department to estimate desirable levels of current account balances and real exchange rates (Box 3 of the 2014 Pilot External Sector Report discusses the use of this methodology). The overall assessments of external positions are based on the judgment of IMF staff drawing on the inputs provided by these model estimates and other analysis, including assessment of international reserves holdings, while taking account of relevant uncertainties. The assessments, which are multilaterally consistent, highlight the role of policies in shaping external positions.

Debts, External. --- Accounts current. --- Investments, Foreign.

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As a follow-up to theaExecutive Board's May 2013 discussion, this paper considers a possible direction for reform of the Fund's lending framework in the context of sovereign debt vulnerabilities. The primary focus of this paper relates to the Fund's exceptional access framework, since it is in this context that the Fund will most likely have to make the difficult judgment as to whether the member's problems can be resolved with or without a debt restructuring. The objective of the preliminary approaches set forth in this paper is to reduce the costs of crisis resolution for both creditors and debtors-relative to the alternatives-thereby benefitting the overall system. These ideas are market-based and their eventual implementation would require meaningful consultation with creditors.

Debt relief. --- Debts, External. --- Monetary policy.

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L extractivisme, ce pillage des ressources naturelles de la planète par la force a donné à l Europe puis aux US les moyens de dominer le monde. Depuis la disparition des colonies, la dette illégitime, nouvelle violence imposée aux pays dits « en développement », a permis d assurer la continuité du pillage. Cette dette a amplifié le système extractiviste, initialement appliqué aux produits fossiles et agricoles, en l étendant aux ressources financières du Sud puis aujourd hui du Nord. Elle impose le remboursement par les populations de dettes dont ils ne sont pas responsables mais victimes. Dette et extractivisme, intimement liés, sont facteurs d injustice, de corruption et de violences sociales et environnementales. Ce « duo destructeur » est aussi à l origine du dérèglement climatique.Des alternatives pour créer une société post-extractiviste soucieuse des peuples et du climat existent. L audit et l annulation des dettes illégitimes, la réduction des inégalités, la fin du pillage extractiviste, sont quelques uns des combats citoyens essentiels proposés dans ce livre.

Conservation of natural resources --- Economic development --- Biopiracy. --- Debts, External --- Debt relief --- Economic aspects. --- Environmental aspects.

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There is an urgent need for more systematic and robust legal and economic thinking about sovereign finance and human rights. This edited collection aims to contribute to filling this gap.

Debts, Public --- Debts, External --- Human rights --- Law and legislation. --- Economic aspects.

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International Debt Statistics (IDS) 2014 is a continuation of the World Bank's publications Global Development Finance, Volume II (1997 through 2009) and the earlier World Debt Tables (1973 through 1996). IDS 2014 provides statistical tables showing the external debt of 128 developing countries that report public and publicly guaranteed external debt to the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System (DRS). It also includes tables of key debt ratios for individual reporting countries and the composition of external debt stocks and flows for individual reporting countries and regional and income groups along with some graphical presentations. IDS 2014 draws on a database maintained by the World Bank External Debt (WBXD) system. Longer time series and more detailed data are available from the World Bank open databases, which contain more than 200 time series indicators, covering the years 1970 to 2012 for most reporting countries, and pipeline data for scheduled debt service payments on existing commitments to 2019. International Debt Statistics 2014 is unique in its coverage of the important trends and issues fundamental to the financing of the developing world. This report is an indispensable resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community. In addition, International Debt Statistics will showcase the broader spectrum of debt data collected and compiled by the World Bank. These include the high frequency, quarterly external debt database (QEDS) and the quarterly public sector database (QPSD) developed in partnership with the International Monetary Fund and launched by the World Bank.

Debts, External --- Finance --- International finance. --- International monetary system --- International money --- Debts, Foreign --- Debts, International --- External debts --- Foreign debts --- International debts --- International economic relations --- Debt --- International finance --- Investments, Foreign