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The IMF staff has updated individual member country data for the variables used in the quota formula for the period 2000-12. The updated database also incorporates the recently released 2011 International Comparison Program (ICP) global estimates for purchasing power parity rates (PPP) rates. The staff paper also presents updated calculated quota shares based on the current quota formula. The current quota formula includes a GDP variable, which is a blend of GDP at market rates and GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP), openness, variability, and international reserves. The International Monetary and Financial Committee has called for agreement on a new quota formula as part of the 15th General Review of Quotas. The paper presents a limited set of illustrative simulations of possible reforms of the quota formula using the updated quota data. These simulations are purely illustrative and do not represent proposals. The new data tables that can be downloaded via the below link include also the comparable value of each variable for the previous quota dataset, which was based on data covering the period 1999-2011. The information is presented in millions of SDRs (Table A1) and in percent of their respective global totals (Tables A2 and A3). A table showing calculated quota shares based on the current quota formula is also included (Table A4). Data sources and a description of the quota variables are discussed in Quota Formula - Data Update and Further Considerations - Statistical Appendix; IMF Policy Paper; July 2014. Download Quota Data: Updated IMF Quota Formula Variables - July 2014.

Database management.

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Bitemporal data is coming, and major database management systems are beginning to support it. You need to know what is going on ""under the hood"" and this book that will make you the expert on bitemporal data that every IT organization should have on its staff. There''s a lot more to bitemporal data than adding a second timestamp to history tables: for example, a temporal update of a single customer in a bitemporal customer table could require up to a dozen physical SQL transactions to complete. Vendors will eventually make it possible to write bitemporal transactions and bitemporal queri

Temporal databases. --- Database management.

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Database management --- Microsoft Access.

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Time and Relational Theory provides an in-depth description of temporal database systems, which provide special facilities for storing, querying, and updating historical and future data. Traditionally, database management systems provide little or no special support for temporal data at all. This situation is changing because: Cheap storage enables retention of large volumes of historical data in data warehousesUsers are now faced with temporal data problems, and need solutions Temporal features have recently been incorporated into the SQL standard, and vendors have begun to add temporal su

Database management. --- Temporal databases. --- Temporal data bases --- Databases --- Data base management --- Data services (Database management) --- Database management services --- DBMS (Computer science) --- Generalized data management systems --- Services, Database management --- Systems, Database management --- Systems, Generalized database management --- Electronic data processing