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Various experimental techniques have been advanced in recent years to measure non-equilibrium energy transformations on the microscopic scale of single molecules. In general, the systems studied in the corresponding experiments are exposed to strong thermal fluctuations and thus the relevant energetic variables such as work and heat become stochastic. This thesis addresses challenging theoretical problems in this active field of current research: 1) Exact analytical solutions of work and heat distributions for isothermal non-equilibrium processes in suitable models are obtained; 2) Corresponding solutions for cyclic processes involving two different heat reservoirs are found; 3) Optimization of periodic driving protocols for such cyclic processes with respect to maximal output power, efficiency, and minimal power fluctuations is studied. The exact solutions for work and heat distributions provide a reference for theoretical investigations of more complicated models, giving insight into the structure of the tail of work distributions and serving as valuable test cases for simulations of the underlying stochastic processes.

Physics --- Plasma physics --- Statistical physics --- Thermodynamics --- Matter physics --- thermodynamica --- molecuulfysica --- plasmafysica --- theoretische fysica --- fysica --- atoomfysica

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The second edition of "The Chemistry of the Superheavy Elements" provides a complete coverage of the chemistry of a series of elements beginning with atomic number 104 – the transactinides or superheavy elements – including their nuclear properties and production in nuclear reactions at heavy-ion accelerators. The contributors to this work include many renowned scientists who, during the last decades, have made vast contributions towards understanding the physics and chemistry of these elusive elements, both experimentally and theoretically. The main emphasis here is on demonstrating the fascinating studies involved in probing the architecture of the Periodic Table at its uppermost end, where relativistic effects drastically influence chemical properties. All known chemical properties of these elements are described together with the experimental techniques applied to study these short-lived man-made elements one atom-at-a-time. The status of theoretical chemistry and of empirical models is presented as well as aspects of nuclear physics. In addition, one chapter outlines the meanderings in this field from a historical perspective and the search for superheavy elements in Nature.

Nuclear physics --- Physicochemistry --- Nuclear chemistry --- Organic reaction mechanisms and kinetics --- Chemistry --- thermodynamica --- stralingschemie --- quarks --- deeltjesfysica --- chemie --- atoomfysica --- kogellagers --- fysicochemie

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This volume collects research findings presented at the 8th Edition of the Electronic Structure: Principles and Applications (ESPA-2012) International Conference, held in Barcelona, Spain on June 26-29, 2012. The contributions cover research work on methods and fundamentals of theoretical chemistry, chemical reactivity, bimolecular modeling, and materials science. Originally published in the journal Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, these outstanding papers are now available in a hardcover print format, as well as a special electronic edition. This volume provides valuable content for all researchers in theoretical chemistry, and will especially benefit those research groups and libraries with limited access to the journal.

Plasma physics --- Matter physics --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Chemistry --- Materials sciences --- Computer. Automation --- molecuulfysica --- materiaalkennis --- plasmafysica --- oppervlakte-onderzoek --- chemie --- informatica --- atoomfysica

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Our understanding of nature, and in particular of physics and the laws governing it, has changed radically since the days of the ancient Greek natural philosophers. This book explains how and why these changes occurred, through landmark experiments as well as theories that - for their time - were revolutionary. The presentation covers Mechanics, Optics, Electromagnetism, Thermodynamics, Relativity Theory, Atomic Physics and Quantum Physics. The book places emphasis on ideas and on a qualitative presentation, rather than on mathematics and equations. Thus, although primarily addressed to those who are studying or have studied science, it can also be read by non-specialists. The author concludes with a discussion of the evolution and organization of universities, from ancient times until today, and of the organization and dissemination of knowledge through scientific publications and conferences.

Science --- History of physics --- Quantum mechanics. Quantumfield theory --- Plasma physics --- Matter physics --- Physics --- thermodynamica --- molecuulfysica --- eenheden --- quantumfysica --- plasmafysica --- popularisering wetenschap --- wetenschap --- wetenschappen --- fysica --- atoomfysica

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Chemical reactions and growth processes on surfaces depend on the diffusion and re-orientation of the adsorbate molecules. A fundamental understanding of the forces guiding surface motion is thus of utmost importance for the advancement of many fields of science and technology. To date, our understanding of the principles underlying surface dynamics remains extremely limited, due to the difficulties involved in measuring these processes experimentally. The helium-3 spin-echo (HeSE) technique is uniquely capable of probing such surface dynamical phenomena. The present thesis extends the field of application of HeSE from atomic and small molecular systems to more complex systems. Improvements to the supersonic helium beam source, a key component of the spectrometer, as well as a detailed investigation of a range of five-membered aromatic adsorbate species are presented. The thesis provides a comprehensive description of many aspects of the HeSE method - instrumentation, measurement and data analysis - and as such offers a valuable introduction for newcomers to the field.

Measuring methods in physics --- Plasma physics --- Solid state physics --- Matter physics --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Physicochemistry --- Chemical laboratory practice --- Organic reaction mechanisms and kinetics --- procescontrole --- thermodynamica --- molecuulfysica --- laboratoriuminstrumenten --- plasmafysica --- oppervlakte-onderzoek --- meetkundige instrumenten --- fysica --- atoomfysica --- micro-elektronica --- elektrische meettechniek --- kogellagers --- fysicochemie