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Nanocrystalline apatites constitute the main inorganic part of human hard tissues (bone and teeth), and a growing focus is devoted to prepare synthetic analogs, so-called ""biomimetic"", able to precisely mimic the morphological and physical-chemical features of biological apatites. In fact, it is reasonable to hypothesize that by virtue of their high similarity with the biogenic calcium phosphates, synthetic nano-sized and ionic substituted apatite nanocrystals can display better biological performances than coarser and ceramic hydroxyapatite. For this reason, the study of their crystallizati
Apatite. --- Apatite in the body. --- Phosphates. --- Apatite --- Bone --- Phosphates --- Teeth --- Bone products --- Phosphate minerals
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ATP was naturally selected very early on as the main source of biological energy, and thus became an indispensable feature of life on the Earth. This was a critical evolutionary choice because it shaped enzymatic systems to utilize ATP in energy-dependent reactions and necessitated an appearance of the universal intracellular signaling system based on calcium ions; keeping cytosolic Ca2+ extremely low became vitally important, since otherwise insoluble Ca2+-phosphates would preclude the cell energetics. Thus, all living cells on the Earth, beginning from the most primitive ones, had high cytosolic concentrations of ATP and there is little surprise that ATP was soon utilized by nature for another fundamental function of sending information from one living cell to another. In summary, ATP acts as the main energy source and is pivotal for numerous signaling cascades both inside (by fueling various transport systems and donating phosphate groups) and between the cells (by chemical transmission). Similarly, glutamate acts as an important molecule for both intercellular signaling through glutamatergic transmission and cell energetics by contributing to ATP production. In this collection of chapters, written by the leading experts in the fields of cell metabolism and energetics, intracellular signaling and neurotransmission, we covered various aspects of the interfacing between these two fundamental molecules. This book will be particularly useful for researchers, students, physicians and psychotherapists working in the field of neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.
Glutamic acid --- Adenosine triphosphate --- Metabolism. --- Adenosinetriphosphate --- Adenosinetriphosphoric acid --- Adenylpyrophosphate --- ATP (Biochemistry) --- Adenine nucleotides --- Phosphates --- Glutamate --- Excitatory amino acids --- Umami (Taste) --- Neurosciences. --- Neurobiology. --- Neurosciences --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system
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This volume focuses on the role of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and its analogs in the induced sequestration of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs or in the microenvironment of tissues involved in infection or autoimmune disease. Initial chapters define the pathways to understand S1P signaling. They cover the organization of signaling systems, the structural biology of the S1P1 receptor, and the chemical and genetic tools that are available and useful to explore this area of research and therapeutics. The later chapters highlight S1P and endothelial integrity, lymphocyte migration in the spleen, and S1P agonist in controlling immunopathologic manifestations of acute respiratory influenza virus infection (in the lung), and its accompanying cytokine storm as well as immunopathologic disease of the central nervous system, including the beginning of treatments in multiple sclerosis. One chapter reveals the possible involvement of other lipid molecules, their use for better understanding lipid signaling, and their potential in the modulation of immune responses.
Immunopharmacology. --- Sphingosine --- Phosphates --- Immunology. --- Medicine. --- Virology. --- Infectious diseases. --- Biomedicine. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Microbiology --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Bone products --- Sphingenine --- Biogenic amines --- Ethanolamines --- Pharmacoimmunology --- Immunology --- Pharmacology --- Immunotoxicology --- Medical virology. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Medical microbiology --- Virology --- Virus diseases
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McKinley examines the role of phosphates in the economic, social and industrial changes in the South Carolina plantation economy.
Industries --- Fertilizers --- Phosphates --- Phosphate industry --- Industrial production --- Industry --- Economics --- Artificial fertilizers --- Chemical fertilizers --- Crops --- Fertilisers --- Fertilization of soils --- Fertilizers and manures --- Field crops --- Soils --- Agricultural chemicals --- Plants --- Soil amendments --- Soil fertility --- Bone products --- Nonmetallic minerals industry --- History. --- Fertilization --- Nutrition --- South Carolina --- Economic conditions. --- South Carolina (Colony) --- South Carolina (Province) --- I︠U︡zhnai︠a︡ Karolina --- History --- E-books --- Industries, Primitive
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Guano --- Guano industry --- Phosphate industry --- Human ecology --- Soil amendments --- Phosphates --- Ecologie humaine --- Engrais et amendements --- History --- Social aspects --- Environmental aspects --- History. --- Histoire --- Industrie --- Aspect social --- Aspect de l'environnement --- Peru --- Pacific Area --- Péru --- Pacifique, Région du --- Environmental conditions --- Commerce --- Conditions environnementales --- World history --- anno 1800-1999 --- Environmental conditions.
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The functional characterization of a key enzyme in the phosphatidylinositol (PI) signaling pathway in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is the focus of this thesis. Moreover, a particular focus is the exploration of the biological functions of Arabidopsis phosphatidylinositol monophosphate 5-kinase 2 (PIP5K2), which catalyzes the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate, the precursor of two important second messengers (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol). Employing molecular and genetic approaches, the author isolates and characterizes the expression pattern, physiological functions and underlying mechanism of Arabidopsis PIP5K2. In doing so, he reveals that PIP5K2 is involved in regulating lateral root formation and root gravity response through modulating auxin accumulation and polar auxin transport, and also plays a critical part in salt tolerance. These findings shed new light on the crosstalk between PI signaling and auxin response, both of which fulfill crucial regulatory roles in plant development.
Phosphoinositides --- Arabidopsis --- Research. --- Molecular aspects --- Stenophragma --- Cruciferae --- Phosphatidylinositides --- Phosphatidylinositol phosphates --- Phospholipids --- Inositol --- Biochemistry. --- Plant physiology. --- Plant anatomy. --- Plant Biochemistry. --- Plant Physiology. --- Plant Anatomy/Development. --- Botany --- Plant structure --- Plants --- Structural botany --- Vegetable anatomy --- Anatomy --- Physiology --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Structure --- Composition --- Plant biochemistry. --- Plant development. --- Development of plants --- Plant development --- Developmental biology --- Growth (Plants) --- Phytochemistry --- Plant biochemistry --- Plant chemistry --- Biochemistry --- Phytochemicals --- Plant biochemical genetics --- Ontogeny
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This book traces the journeys of a stone across the world. From its remote point of origin in the city of Nishapur in eastern Iran, turquoise was traded through India, Central Asia, and the Near East, becoming an object of imperial exchange between the Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman empires. Along this trail unfolds the story of turquoise--a phosphate of aluminum and copper formed in rocks below the surface of the earth--and its discovery and export as a global commodity. In the material culture and imperial regalia of early modern Islamic tributary empires moving from the steppe to the sown, turquoise was a sacred stone and a potent symbol of power projected in vivid color displays. From the empires of Islamic Eurasia, the turquoise trade reached Europe, where the stone was collected as an exotic object from the East. The Eurasian trade lasted into the nineteenth century, when the oldest mines in Iran collapsed and lost Aztec mines in the Americas reopened, unearthing more accessible sources of the stone to rival the Persian blue.Sky Blue Stone recounts the origins, trade, and circulation of a natural object in the context of the history of Islamic Eurasia and global encounters between empire and nature.
Turquoise mines and mining --- Mineral industries --- Turquoise --- Carbonate minerals --- Precious stones --- Mines and mineral resources --- History. --- aluminum. --- americas. --- aztec mines. --- central asia. --- commerce history. --- commerce. --- copper. --- europe. --- exchange of goods. --- exports. --- global commodities. --- historians. --- historical. --- imperial exchange. --- india. --- iran. --- islamic eurasia. --- material culture. --- middle east. --- mughal empire. --- natural resources. --- near east. --- nishapur. --- ottoman empire. --- phosphates. --- rock formations. --- rocks and minerals. --- sacred stones. --- safavid empire. --- scientists. --- turquoise trade. --- turquoise. --- world history.
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