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Nanocrystalline apatites constitute the main inorganic part of human hard tissues (bone and teeth), and a growing focus is devoted to prepare synthetic analogs, so-called ""biomimetic"", able to precisely mimic the morphological and physical-chemical features of biological apatites. In fact, it is reasonable to hypothesize that by virtue of their high similarity with the biogenic calcium phosphates, synthetic nano-sized and ionic substituted apatite nanocrystals can display better biological performances than coarser and ceramic hydroxyapatite. For this reason, the study of their crystallizati

Apatite. --- Apatite in the body. --- Phosphates. --- Apatite --- Bone --- Phosphates --- Teeth --- Bone products --- Phosphate minerals

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This volume focuses on the role of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and its analogs in the induced sequestration of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs or in the microenvironment of tissues involved in infection or autoimmune disease. Initial chapters define the pathways to understand S1P signaling. They cover the organization of  signaling systems, the structural biology of the S1P1 receptor, and the chemical and genetic tools that are available and useful to explore this area of research and therapeutics. The later chapters highlight S1P and endothelial integrity, lymphocyte migration in the spleen, and S1P agonist in controlling immunopathologic manifestations of acute respiratory influenza virus infection (in the lung), and its accompanying cytokine storm as well as immunopathologic disease of the central nervous system, including the beginning of treatments in multiple sclerosis.  One chapter reveals the possible involvement of other lipid molecules, their use for better understanding lipid signaling, and their potential in the modulation of immune responses.

Immunopharmacology. --- Sphingosine --- Phosphates --- Immunology. --- Medicine. --- Virology. --- Infectious diseases. --- Biomedicine. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Microbiology --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Bone products --- Sphingenine --- Biogenic amines --- Ethanolamines --- Pharmacoimmunology --- Immunology --- Pharmacology --- Immunotoxicology --- Medical virology. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Medical microbiology --- Virology --- Virus diseases

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Guano --- Guano industry --- Phosphate industry --- Human ecology --- Soil amendments --- Phosphates --- Ecologie humaine --- Engrais et amendements --- History --- Social aspects --- Environmental aspects --- History. --- Histoire --- Industrie --- Aspect social --- Aspect de l'environnement --- Peru --- Pacific Area --- Péru --- Pacifique, Région du --- Environmental conditions --- Commerce --- Conditions environnementales --- World history --- anno 1800-1999 --- Environmental conditions.

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This book traces the journeys of a stone across the world. From its remote point of origin in the city of Nishapur in eastern Iran, turquoise was traded through India, Central Asia, and the Near East, becoming an object of imperial exchange between the Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman empires. Along this trail unfolds the story of turquoise--a phosphate of aluminum and copper formed in rocks below the surface of the earth--and its discovery and export as a global commodity. In the material culture and imperial regalia of early modern Islamic tributary empires moving from the steppe to the sown, turquoise was a sacred stone and a potent symbol of power projected in vivid color displays. From the empires of Islamic Eurasia, the turquoise trade reached Europe, where the stone was collected as an exotic object from the East. The Eurasian trade lasted into the nineteenth century, when the oldest mines in Iran collapsed and lost Aztec mines in the Americas reopened, unearthing more accessible sources of the stone to rival the Persian blue.Sky Blue Stone recounts the origins, trade, and circulation of a natural object in the context of the history of Islamic Eurasia and global encounters between empire and nature.

Turquoise mines and mining --- Mineral industries --- Turquoise --- Carbonate minerals --- Precious stones --- Mines and mineral resources --- History. --- aluminum. --- americas. --- aztec mines. --- central asia. --- commerce history. --- commerce. --- copper. --- europe. --- exchange of goods. --- exports. --- global commodities. --- historians. --- historical. --- imperial exchange. --- india. --- iran. --- islamic eurasia. --- material culture. --- middle east. --- mughal empire. --- natural resources. --- near east. --- nishapur. --- ottoman empire. --- phosphates. --- rock formations. --- rocks and minerals. --- sacred stones. --- safavid empire. --- scientists. --- turquoise trade. --- turquoise. --- world history.