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In Italy, the problem of involuntary unemployment, although known to the working classes and public authorities at least since the age of the Risorgimento, only became the subject of specific attention at the end of the nineteenth century. It is only at that time that a political and economic debate arises on the lack of work and on the means to contrast it, on the scenario of the end-of-century depression and simultaneously to the development of the workers and peasants movements. Those years saw the foundations for the experimentation of a pioneering statistical measurement of the phenomenon, which, however, would only come to light during the Giolittian age, in a political context more open to the demands of work. This research reconstructs for the first time the “focus” of a typical problem of capitalism, which also proves itself of great interest central also in the contemporary debate.

Research methods: general --- Sociology --- Econometrics --- Operational research --- Probability & statistics

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Sustainable agriculture --- Sustainable agriculture. --- Popular participation --- Research methods --- Methodology --- Periodicals. --- Developing countries.

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Theory and method in higher education research contains contemporary contributions to international debates regarding the application and development of theory and methodology in researching higher education. Higher education research is a developing field internationally, which is attracting more and more researchers from a great variety of disciplinary backgrounds within and beyond higher education institutions. As such, it is an arena within which a wide range of theories, methods and methodologies is being applied. As an expanding multidisciplinary area of interest, we may also expect increased development of theory and method. This volume aims to offer a channel for discussion, critique and innovation. It should become essential reading for the growing numbers of researchers engaging with higher education across the globe.

Education, Higher --- Research --- Methodology. --- Research. --- Institutional research (Education) --- Research in higher education --- College students --- Higher education --- Education --- Postsecondary education --- Universities and colleges --- Higher & further education, tertiary education. --- Research methods: general. --- Higher. --- Aims & Objectives.

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Many animals, including humans, acquire valuable skills and knowledge by copying others. Scientists refer to this as social learning. It is one of the most exciting and rapidly developing areas of behavioral research and sits at the interface of many academic disciplines, including biology, experimental psychology, economics, and cognitive neuroscience. Social Learning provides a comprehensive, practical guide to the research methods of this important emerging field. William Hoppitt and Kevin Laland define the mechanisms thought to underlie social learning and demonstrate how to distinguish them experimentally in the laboratory. They present techniques for detecting and quantifying social learning in nature, including statistical modeling of the spatial distribution of behavior traits. They also describe the latest theory and empirical findings on social learning strategies, and introduce readers to mathematical methods and models used in the study of cultural evolution. This book is an indispensable tool for researchers and an essential primer for students. Provides a comprehensive, practical guide to social learning research Combines theoretical and empirical approaches Describes techniques for the laboratory and the field Covers social learning mechanisms and strategies, statistical modeling techniques for field data, mathematical modeling of cultural evolution, and more

Learning in animals --- Social learning --- Psychology, Comparative --- Research --- Methodology. --- Animal learning --- Animal intelligence --- Learning --- Socialization --- Behavior, Comparative --- Comparative behavior --- Comparative psychology --- Ethology, Comparative --- Intelligence of animals --- Zoology --- Animal behavior --- Animal psychology --- Human behavior --- Instinct --- Aristotle. --- acquisition. --- animal culture. --- animals. --- asocial learning. --- behavior. --- behavioral repertoires. --- behavioral research. --- behavioral trait. --- biological evolution. --- causal modeling. --- child development. --- children. --- controlled diffusion. --- cultural evolution. --- cultural transmission. --- decision making. --- developmental methods. --- diffusion curve analysis. --- diffusion data. --- diffusion experiments. --- diffusion of innovation. --- diffusion. --- ecological hypothesis. --- experimental manipulations. --- fear. --- frequency-dependent biases. --- gene-culture coevolution. --- genetic hypothesis. --- group contrasts approach. --- hierarchical control. --- imitation. --- inadvertent coaching. --- innovation. --- laboratory experiments. --- learning heuristics. --- mathematical methods. --- meta-strategies. --- model-fitting approach. --- modeling. --- network-based diffusion analysis. --- neural circuitry. --- neuroendocrinological studies. --- neutral models. --- observational conditioning. --- observational data. --- observational learning. --- opportunity providing. --- option choice. --- random copying. --- reaction-diffusion models. --- research methods. --- response facilitation. --- social experience. --- social facilitation. --- social foraging theory. --- social learning mechanisms. --- social learning research. --- social learning strategies. --- social learning. --- social network. --- social transmission. --- statistical methods. --- statistical modeling. --- stimulus enhancement. --- success biases. --- translocation experiments. --- transmission chains.