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« Les crimes contre l'humanité transcendent l'individu puisqu'en attaquant l'homme, est visée, est niée, l'Humanité. C'est l'identité de la victime, l'Humanité, qui marque la spécificité du crime contre l'humanité », affirmaient en 1997 les juges du Tribunal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie à l'appui de leur premier jugement. L'expression même de crime contre « l'humanité » distingue ce crime de tous les autres et souligne son extrême gravité. Mais, si grave soit-il, un crime ne constitue un crime contre l'humanité qu'à condition de comporter des éléments constitutifs précis et de s'inscrire dans une attaque généralisée ou systématique. Cet ouvrage propose d'éclairer cette dénomination pénale née à Nuremberg en analysant sa formation en droit international, puis les variations de sa réception au niveau national. Il en explore ainsi la richesse mais pointe aussi ses ambiguïtés au travers des applications passées et présentes, esquissant déjà les transformations à venir.

Crimes against humanity. --- International crimes.

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Crimes against humanity --- Crimes contre l'humanité

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This book explores the ambiguities of the French law of genocide by exposing the inexplicable dichotomy between a progressive theory and an overly conservative practice. Based on the observation that the crime of genocide has remained absent from French courtrooms to the benefit of crimes against humanity, this research dissects the reasons for this absence, reviewing and analysing the potential legal obstacles to the judicial use of the law of genocide before contemplating the definitional impact of this judicial reluctance and the consequent confusion between the two crimes. Whilst it uses the French law of genocide and related case law on crimes against humanity as its focal points, the book further adopts a more general standpoint, suggesting that the French misunderstandings of the crime of genocide might ultimately be symptomatic of a more widespread misconception of the crime of genocide as a crime perpetrated against 'a group'

Genocide --- Crimes against humanity --- War crimes --- Trials (Genocide) --- Trials (Crimes against humanity) --- War crime trials

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Samuel J. Kerstein develops a new, broadly Kantian account of the ethical issues that arise when a person treats another merely as a means, that is, 'just uses' the other and thereby acts wrongly. He takes his inspiration from Immanuel Kant's 'Formula of Humanity', which commands that we treat persons never merely as means but always as ends in themselves, and then develops the ideas suggested by the Formula into clear moral principles. Kerstein questions the plausibility of an orthodox Kantian account of the dignity of persons, before going on to develop a new, detailed account of his own. Kerstein's second main goal is to show how the Kantian principles he develops shed light on pressing issues in bioethics. He investigates how, morally speaking, scarce resources such as flu vaccine ought to be distributed--and he argues that allocating such resources in order to maximize benefits can be inconsistent with respecting persons' dignity. The book explores the morality of regulated markets in organs, and contends that in many contexts, buying organs from live 'donors' fails to honour their dignity. Finally, it probes the ethics of conducting research on 'anonymized' biological samples, and of conducting placebo-controlled pharmaceutical trials in developing countries. How to Treat Persons champions the view that even if an agent gets another's voluntary, informed consent to use parts of his body for transplantation or medical research, she might nevertheless be treating him merely as a means or failing to respect his dignity.

Medical ethics --- Ethics --- Humanity --- Dignity --- Kant, Immanuel, - 1724-1804

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Crimes against humanity --- Crimes contre l'humanité --- Eichmann, Adolf, --- Crimes contre l'humanité