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This book contains a collection of different biodegradation research activities where biological processes take place. The book has two main sections: A) Polymers and Surfactants Biodegradation and B) Biodegradation: Microbial Behaviour.

Environmental engineering. --- Biodegradation. --- Biocorrosion --- Biodecay --- Biodecomposition --- Biodeterioration --- Biological corrosion --- Biological decay --- Biological decomposition --- Biological degradation --- Decay, Biological --- Decomposition (Biology) --- Degradation, Biological --- Biochemistry --- Decomposition (Chemistry) --- Microbiology --- Environmental control --- Environmental effects --- Environmental stresses --- Engineering --- Environmental health --- Environmental protection --- Pollution --- Sustainable engineering --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Ecological Engineering --- Environmental Engineering

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Inequality in Latin America is very large and there is a great desire for greater social justice, inclusion and equal opportunities. In order to contribute to the understanding of such developments, this volume addresses the problem of economic inequality in Paraguay, Honduras and Chile. The studies show from different angles how an adverse family background has permanent negative effects on employment, wages and labour mobility, particularly in the presence of structural economic changes. In general, this book is a contribution to understand why inequality is highly persistent in Latin America

Equality --- Latin America --- Economic conditions. --- Social conditions. --- America --- Barría --- Change --- Decomposition of Income --- Economic --- Education --- Educational Inequality --- Family Economics --- Indigenous Background --- Inequality --- Latin --- Migration --- Structural --- Villalobos

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Household income inequality has declined in Latin America in the past decades, contributing significantly to poverty reduction in the region. Although available evidence shows that changes in the labor income are among the main factors behind these inequality trends, few studies have analyzed more closely the labor market dynamics that have led to a decline in total income inequality in some countries, but also to an increase in others. Using household survey data for a sample of 15 countries in Latin America from 1995 to 2010, this paper uses an extension of the Juhn-Murphy-Pierce methodology to decompose changes in labor income inequality (hourly wages) into a quantity effect (capturing changes in the distribution of workers' skills), price effect (reflecting returns to skills), and unobservables effect (other components, within skill groups, affecting labor income). The results show that falling returns to skills for both education and experience is, on average, driving the decline in labor income inequality in Latin America. The quantity effect, in turn, has contributed little to inequality reduction, mostly attributable to a larger dispersion in years of experience, possibly linked to the region's demographic transition and to significant increases in female labor force participation. Additional findings show that wage inequality, still high in the region, is coupled with inequality in terms of hours worked. The paper complements the existing literature by presenting separate results for males and females, as well as formal and informal sector workers as an attempt to control for secular shifts in these characteristics.

Decomposition --- Inequality --- Labor Income --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Services & Transfers to Poor --- Latin-America

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to Cyclic glucans are polysaccharides that are predominantly produced by Agrobacterium, Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium sp. and widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. In this book, the applications, properties, analytical tools, production and genes of four main cyclic β-glucans from microorganisms are highlighted and critically evaluated. As biocompatible and biodegradable renewable resources, they have an immense potential for future applications, which has not yet been fully exploited. This concise review will help to bridge this gap.

Glucans -- Therapeutic use. --- Glucans. --- Microorganisms. --- Polysaccharides. --- Glucans --- Microbial biotechnology --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Biology --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Polysaccharides --- Carbohydrates --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Chemicals and Drugs --- beta-Glucans --- Microbiology --- Biotechnology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Animal Biochemistry --- Biochemistry. --- Biodegradation. --- Biocorrosion --- Biodecay --- Biodecomposition --- Biodeterioration --- Biological corrosion --- Biological decay --- Biological decomposition --- Biological degradation --- Decay, Biological --- Decomposition (Biology) --- Degradation, Biological --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Composition --- Life sciences. --- Pharmaceutical technology. --- Microbiology. --- Food --- Life Sciences. --- Applied Microbiology. --- Food Science. --- Pharmaceutical Sciences/Technology. --- Biotechnology. --- Biochemistry --- Decomposition (Chemistry) --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Food science. --- Science --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms --- Pharmaceutical laboratory techniques --- Pharmaceutical laboratory technology --- Technology, Pharmaceutical --- Technology --- Food—Biotechnology.

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Physical height is an important economic variable reflecting health and human capital. Puzzlingly, however, differences in average height across developing countries are not well explained by differences in wealth. In particular, children in India are shorter, on average, than children in Africa who are poorer, on average, a paradox called "the Asian enigma" which has received much attention from economists. This paper provides the first documentation of a quantitatively important gradient between child height and sanitation that can statistically explain a large fraction of international height differences. This association between sanitation and human capital is robustly stable, even after accounting for other heterogeneity, such as in GDP. The author applies three complementary empirical strategies to identify the association between sanitation and child height: country-level regressions across 140 country-years in 65 developing countries; within-country analysis of differences over time within Indian districts; and econometric decomposition of the India-Africa height differences in child-level data. Open defecation, which is exceptionally widespread in India, can account for much or all of the excess stunting in India.

Child height --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Econometric decomposition --- Economic well-being --- Fecal germs --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Population Policies --- Sanitation coverage --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Youth and Governance