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Some of the most massive and persistent violations of human rights occur in African nations. In Human Rights Under African Constitutions: Realizing the Promise for Ourselves, scholars from a wide range of fields present a sober, systematic assessment of the prospects for legal protection of human rights in Africa. In a series of detailed and highly contextual studies of Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, and Uganda, experts seek to balance the socioeconomic and political diversity of these nations while using the same theoretical framework of legal analysis for each case study.Standards for human rights protection can be realized only through direct and strong support from a nation's legal and political institutions. The contributors to this volume uniformly conclude that a well-informed and motivated citizenry is the most powerful force for creating the political will necessary to effect change at the national level. In addition to a critical evaluation of the current state of human rights protection in each of these African nations, the contributors outline existing national resources available for protecting human rights and provide recommendations for more effective and practical use of these resources.

Human rights --- Rule of law --- Africa --- Politics and government. --- Supremacy of law --- Administrative law --- Constitutional law --- African Studies. --- Asian Studies. --- Human Rights. --- Law. --- Middle Eastern Studies. --- Political Science.

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Today, black-owned barber shops play a central role in African American public life. The intimacy of commercial grooming encourages both confidentiality and camaraderie, which make the barber shop an important gathering place for African American men to talk freely. But for many years preceding and even after the Civil War, black barbers endured a measure of social stigma for perpetuating inequality: though the profession offered economic mobility to black entrepreneurs, black barbers were obliged by custom to serve an exclusively white clientele. Quincy T. Mills traces the lineage from these nineteenth-century barbers to the bustling enterprises of today, demonstrating that the livelihood offered by the service economy was crucial to the development of a black commercial sphere and the barber shop as a democratic social space. Cutting Along the Color Line chronicles the cultural history of black barber shops as businesses and civic institutions. Through several generations of barbers, Mills examines the transition from slavery to freedom in the nineteenth century, the early twentieth-century expansion of black consumerism, and the challenges of professionalization, licensing laws, and competition from white barbers. He finds that the profession played a significant though complicated role in twentieth-century racial politics: while the services of shaving and grooming were instrumental in the creation of socially acceptable black masculinity, barbering permitted the financial independence to maintain public spaces that fostered civil rights politics. This sweeping, engaging history of an iconic cultural establishment shows that black entrepreneurship was intimately linked to the struggle for equality.

African Americans --- African American business enterprises --- Barbershops --- African American barbers --- Barbers, African American --- Barbers --- Barber shops --- Service industries --- African American-owned business enterprises --- Afro-American business enterprises --- Business enterprises, African American --- Business enterprises --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Race identity --- History --- Black people --- African Studies. --- African-American Studies. --- American History. --- American Studies.

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Human Rights in the Shadow of Colonial Violence explores the relationship between the human rights movement emerging after 1945 and the increasing violence of decolonization. Based on material previously inaccessible in the archives of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the United Nations Human Rights Commission, this comparative study uses the Mau Mau War (1952-1956) and the Algerian War (1954-1962) to examine the policies of two major imperial powers, Britain and France. Historian Fabian Klose considers the significance of declared states of emergency, counterinsurgency strategy, and the significance of humanitarian international law in both conflicts. Klose's findings from these previously confidential archives reveal the escalating violence and oppressive tactics used by the British and French military during these anticolonial conflicts in North and East Africa, where Western powers that promoted human rights in other areas of the world were opposed to the growing global acceptance of freedom, equality, self-determination, and other postwar ideals. Practices such as collective punishment, torture, and extrajudicial killings did lasting damage to international human rights efforts until the end of decolonization. Clearly argued and meticulously researched, Human Rights in the Shadow of Colonial Violence demonstrates the mutually impacting histories of international human rights and decolonization, expanding our understanding of political violence in human rights discourse.

Human rights --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Law and legislation --- Kenya --- Algeria --- Great Britain --- France --- History --- Colonies --- African Studies. --- African-American Studies. --- European History. --- History. --- Human Rights. --- Law. --- Political Science. --- World History.

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Human rights nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are by definition not part of the state. Rather, they are an element of civil society, the strands of the fabric of organized life in countries, and crucial to the prospect of political democracy. Civil society is a very recent phenomenon in East African nations, where authoritarian regimes have prevailed and human rights watchdogs have had a critical role to play. While the state remains one of the major challenges to human rights efforts in the countries of the region, other problems that are internal to the human rights movement are also of a serious nature, and they are many: What are the social bases of the human rights enterprise in transitional societies? What mandate can human rights NGOs claim, and in whose name do they operate? Human Rights NGO's in East Africa critically explores the anatomy of the human rights movement in the East African region, examining its origins, challenges, and emergent themes in the context of political transitions. In particular, the book seeks to understand the political and normative challenges that face this young but vibrant civil society in the vortex of globalization. The book brings together the most celebrated human rights thinkers in East Africa, enriched by contributions from their colleagues in South Africa and the United States. To date, very little has been written about the struggles and accomplishments of civil society in the nations of East Africa. This book will fill that gap and prove to be an invaluable tool for understanding and teaching about human rights in this complex and vital part of the world.

Human rights --- Democratization --- Non-governmental organizations --- Civil society --- Democracy --- Droits de l'homme (Droit international) --- Démocratisation --- Organisations non gouvernementales --- Société civile --- Démocratie --- Africa, Eastern --- Afrique orientale --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Democratic consolidation --- Democratic transition --- Political science --- New democracies --- INGOs (International agencies) --- International non-governmental organizations --- NGOs (International agencies) --- Nongovernmental organizations --- Organizations, Non-governmental (International agencies) --- Private and voluntary organizations (International agencies) --- PVOs (International agencies) --- International agencies --- Nonprofit organizations --- Social contract --- Self-government --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Law and legislation --- . --- African Studies. --- Asian Studies. --- Human Rights. --- Law. --- Middle Eastern Studies. --- Political Science.

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The Maoist insurgency in Nepal lasted from 1996 to 2006, and at the pinnacle of their armed success the Maoists controlled much of the countryside. Maoists at the Hearth, which is based on ethnographic research that commenced more than a decade before the escalation of the civil war in 2001, explores the daily life in a hill village in central Nepal, during the "People's War." From the everyday routines before the arrival of the Maoists in the late 1990's through the insurgency and its aftermath, this book examines the changing social relationships among fellow villagers and parties to the conflict. War is not an interruption that suspends social processes. Life in the village focused as usual on social challenges, interpersonal relationships, and essential duties such as managing agricultural work, running households, and organizing development projects. But as Judith Pettigrew shows, social life, cultural practices, and routine activities are reshaped in uncertain and dangerous circumstances. The book considers how these activities were conducted under dramatically transformed conditions and discusses the challenges (and, sometimes, opportunities) that the villagers confronted. By considering local spatial arrangements and their adaptation, Pettigrew explores people's reactions when they lost control of the personal, public, and sacred spaces of the village. A central consideration of Maoists at the Hearth is an exploration of how local social tensions were realized and renegotiated as people supported (and sometimes betrayed) each other and of how villager-Maoist relationships (and to a lesser extent villager-army relationships), which drew on a range of culturally patterned preexisting relationships, were reforged, transformed, or renegotiated in the context of the conflict and its aftermath.

War and society --- Political violence --- Violence --- Political crimes and offenses --- Terrorism --- Society and war --- War --- Sociology --- Civilians in war --- Sociology, Military --- Social aspects --- Nepāla Kamyunishṭa Pārṭī (Māovādī) --- Ne. Ka. Pā. (Māovādī) --- Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) --- CPN (Maoist) --- Nepāla Kamyunisṭa Pārṭī (Māovādī) --- Ekīkr̥ta Nepāla Kamyunisṭa Pārṭī (Māovādī) --- Nepal --- Nīpāl --- Ni-po-erh --- Nepāḥ --- Nepal Adhirajya --- Kingdom of Nepal --- Nepāla --- Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal --- Sanghiya Loktāntrik Ganatantra Nepāl --- Непал --- Savezna Demokratska Republika Nepal --- República Federal Democràtica del Nepal --- Kongeriget Nepal --- Demokratische Bundesrepublik Nepal --- Νεπάλ --- Nepalo --- Federacia Demokratia Respubliko Nepalo --- República Federal Democrática de Nepal --- Nepali Demokraatlik Liitvabariik --- Nepalgo Errepublika Demokratiko Federala --- Nepalin demokraattinen liittotasavalta --- République démocratique fédérale du Népal --- נפאל --- Sambandslýðveldið Nepal --- ネパール --- Nepāru --- 네팔 --- Nepalia --- Federale Democratische Republiek Nepal --- Nepālas Federālā Demokrātiskā Republika --- Федеративная Демократическая Республика Непал --- Federativnai︠a︡ Demokraticheskai︠a︡ Respublika Nepal --- Савезна Демократска Република Непал --- Республіка Непал --- Respublika Nepal --- Федеративна Демократична Республіка Непал --- Federatyvna Demokratychna Respublika Nepal --- Cộng hòa dân chủ liên bang Nepal --- 尼泊尔 --- Nibo'er --- History --- Social aspects. --- African Studies. --- Anthropology. --- Asian Studies. --- Folklore. --- Linguistics. --- Middle Eastern Studies.