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In North America's Indian Trade in European Commerce and Imagination, Colpitts analyzes the imaginative and intellectual response of Europeans to their expanding trade relations with America's people in the period of colonization.

Europe -- Commerce -- North America -- History. --- Indian traders -- North America -- History. --- Indians of North America -- Commerce -- History. --- North America -- Commerce -- Europe -- History. --- Indians of North America --- Indian traders --- Commerce --- History

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The Presbyterian community in Ulster was created by waves of immigration, massively reinforced in the 1690s as Scots fled successive poor harvests and famine, and by 1700 Presbyterians formed the largest Protestant community in the north of Ireland. This book is a comprehensive survey and analysis of the Presbyterian community in this important formative period. It shows how the Presbyterians formed a highly organised, self-confident community which exercised a rigorous discipline over its members and had a well-developed intellectual life. It considers the various social groups within the community, demonstrating how the always small aristocratic and gentry component dwindled and was virtually extinct by the 1730s, the Presbyterians deriving their strength from the middling sorts - clergy, doctors, lawyers, merchants, traders and, in particular, successful farmers and those active in the rapidly growing linen trades - and among the laborious poor. It discusses how Presbyterians were part of the economically dynamic element of Irish society; how they took the lead in the emigration movement to the American colonies; and how they maintained links with Scotland and related to other communities, in Ireland and elsewhere. Later in the eighteenth century the Presbyterian community went on to form the backbone of the Republican, separatist movement. ROBERT WHAN obtained his Ph.D. in History from Queen's University, Belfast.

Presbyterians --- Protestants --- Calvinistic Methodists --- Ulster (Northern Ireland and Ireland) --- Cúigh Uladh (Northern Ireland and Ireland) --- Church history. --- History --- Presbyterian Church in Ireland --- History. --- Religious life and customs. --- Politics and government. --- Presbyterian Church of Ireland --- Irish Presbyterian Church --- Eaglais Phreispitéireach in Éirinn --- Prisbytairin Kirk in Airlann --- General Synod of Ulster --- Presbyterian Church of Northern Ireland --- Presbyterian community. --- Protestant community. --- Republican. --- Robert Whan. --- Scots. --- Ulster. --- clergy. --- doctors. --- emigration movement. --- farmers. --- immigration. --- lawyers. --- linen trades. --- merchants. --- separatist movement. --- social groups. --- traders.

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Cities of Commerce develops a model of institutional change in European commerce based on urban rivalry. Cities continuously competed with each other by adapting commercial, legal, and financial institutions to the evolving needs of merchants. Oscar Gelderblom traces the successive rise of Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam to commercial primacy between 1250 and 1650, showing how dominant cities feared being displaced by challengers while lesser cities sought to keep up by cultivating policies favorable to trade. He argues that it was this competitive urban network that promoted open-access institutions in the Low Countries, and emphasizes the central role played by the urban power holders — the magistrates — in fostering these inclusive institutional arrangements. Gelderblom describes how the city fathers resisted the predatory or reckless actions of their territorial rulers, and how their nonrestrictive approach to commercial life succeeded in attracting merchants from all over Europe.Cities of Commerce intervenes in an important debate on the growth of trade in Europe before the Industrial Revolution. Challenging influential theories that attribute this commercial expansion to the political strength of merchants, this book demonstrates how urban rivalry fostered the creation of open-access institutions in international trade.

History of the Low Countries --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1200-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Benelux countries --- Commerce --- History --- Benelux --- Pays-Bas --- Histoire --- 338 <09> <492> --- 338 <09> <493> --- 338 <09> <493> Economische geschiedenis--België --- Economische geschiedenis--België --- 338 <09> <492> Economische geschiedenis--Nederland --- Economische geschiedenis--Nederland --- Low countries --- Benelux countries -- Commerce -- History -- 16th century. --- Benelux countries -- Commerce -- History -- 17th century. --- Benelux countries -- Commerce -- History -- To 1500. --- Business & Economics --- Local Commerce --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economic History. --- Benelux countries - Commerce - History - To 1500 --- Benelux countries - Commerce - History - 16th century --- Benelux countries - Commerce - History - 17th century --- Amsterdam. --- Antwerp. --- Bruges. --- Dutch Republic. --- Dutch Revolt. --- Europe. --- European commerce. --- Flemish Revolt. --- German Hanse. --- Habsburgs. --- Hans Thijs. --- Low Countries. --- amicable settlement. --- arbitration. --- boycotts. --- brokers. --- central courts. --- collective action. --- commenda. --- commerce. --- commercial cities. --- commercial infrastructure. --- commercial litigation. --- commission trade. --- compensation. --- conflict resolution. --- court proceedings. --- cross-border trade. --- double-entry bookkeeping. --- footloose merchants. --- foreign traders. --- hostellers. --- inclusive institutions. --- institutional change. --- international trade. --- losses. --- merchants. --- open access institutions. --- private order solutions. --- spot markets. --- spreading of risks. --- state formation. --- trade ports. --- urban autonomy. --- urban competition. --- urban magistrates. --- violence.