Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Neonatal sepsis still remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the newborn, particularly in preterm, low birth weight infants. Despite advances in neonatal care, overall case-fatality rates from sepsis may be as high as 50%. Clinical signs of bacterial infection are vague and non-specific, and up to now there exists no easily available, reliable marker of infection despite a large bulk of studies focussing on inflammatory indices in neonatology. Every neonatologist is faced with the uncertainty of under- or over- diagnosing bacterial infection. In this book three topics will be discussed: clinical presentation including a general approach to sepsis neonatorum and two distinct diagnoses pneumonia and osteomyelitis diagnostic approaches including C-reactive protein and the immature myeloid information, and prevention and treatment of bacterial infection with immunoglobulins.

Bacterial diseases. --- Bacterial infections --- Communicable diseases --- Medical bacteriology --- Pathogenic bacteria --- Neonatal medicine

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Prokaryotic Toxins – Antitoxins presents the first comprehensive overview of an exciting and rapidly expanding research field. Toxin – antitoxin (TA) genes were first identified on plasmids almost 30 years ago. Since then it has become evident that TA genes are highly abundant on both plasmids and chromosomes belonging to the bacterial and archaeal domains. TA genes come in three variants, depending on how the antitoxin works. In the most common TA genes, called type II TA loci, the antitoxins are proteins that combine with and neutralize the toxins. Even though the toxins come from at least 10 evolutionary independent gene families they inhibit translation and induce dormancy and persistence. The toxins inhibit translation using different molecular mechanisms. For example, the most common toxin family, called VapC (Virulence-associated protein), inhibits translation by cleaving initiator tRNA. Another common toxin family, called RelE, inhibits translation by cleaving messenger RNA  positioned at the ribosome. Recent database mining revealed more than 10,000 such TA loci in »700 prokaryotic organisms. Remarkably, in some species, TA genes have undergone dramatic expansions. For example, the highly persistent major human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis has almost 100 TA loci belonging to different gene families, whereas its close relative M. leprae has none. All sequenced archaeal genomes to date have at least two TA loci and the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus tokodaii has »40 TA loci. The considerable expansion of the TA genes is a biological mystery but may be related to the biological function(s) of TA genes, a topic that is still hotly debated. The genetic analysis of TA genes is hampered by the multitude of seemingly similar genes within one particular genome. However, recent analysis with the model organism E. coli revealed a breakthrough indicating that TA genes contribute cumulatively to bacterial persistence. All known free-living bacteria that form persisters, cells that survive antibiotics and other environmental threats, contain TA genes. Together, these groundbreaking observations have raised the exciting possibility that TA genes are involved in the persistence of many bacteria, including major human pathogens such as M. tuberculosis. The expanding TA field has an exciting future ahead of it.

Peptide antibiotics. --- Medical bacteriology --- Toxins, Biological --- Immune Sera --- Biological Products --- Antibodies --- Immunoglobulins --- Complex Mixtures --- Biological Factors --- Serum Globulins --- Immunoproteins --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Blood Proteins --- Globulins --- Proteins --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Antitoxins --- Bacterial Toxins --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Toxins. --- Medical microbiology. --- Natural toxicants --- Toxicants, Natural --- Toxins and antitoxins --- Life sciences. --- Microbiology. --- Apoptosis. --- Microbial genetics. --- Microbial genomics. --- Life Sciences. --- Microbial Genetics and Genomics. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Applied Microbiology. --- Antigens --- Metabolites --- Poisons --- Detoxification (Health)

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Microbes colonize nearly every biotic and abiotic niche on our planet. This also includes our human body, which is densely populated with microbes, the majority of which interact with us in a commensal, sometimes even mutualistic, relationship. Only a minority of our microbiota are pathogenic organisms with the ability to cause infection. This book covers various aspects of the interplay between commensal and pathogenic bacteria with their hosts. The chapters summarize recent findings on the geno- and phenotypic traits of opportunistic bacterial pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, staphylococci or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as the impact of commensal and probiotic bacteria on intestinal physiology and health. The differential interaction of pathogenic, commensal and probiotic bacteria with their host is reviewed from both the bacterial and the host’s perspective to round out this compilation of articles on the differences and similarities of pathogenic and commensal microorganisms.

Bacteria. --- Pathogenic bacteria. --- Pathogenic microorganisms --- Medical microbiology --- Food, Fortified --- Microbial Interactions --- Biological Processes --- Dietary Supplements --- Polysaccharides, Bacterial --- Organisms --- Dietary Fiber --- Polysaccharides --- Biological Phenomena --- Foods, Specialized --- Food --- Microbiological Processes --- Microbiological Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Food and Beverages --- Carbohydrates --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Symbiosis --- Probiotics --- Bacteria --- Prebiotics --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Germs --- Microbes --- Bacteria, Pathogenic --- Disease germs --- Medicine. --- Immunology. --- Medical microbiology. --- Vaccines. --- Biomedicine. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Vaccine. --- Biologicals --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Bacterial diseases --- Medical bacteriology --- Prokaryotes --- Microbiology. --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

In contrast to the substantial literature that focuses upon innate immune signaling in the gut, there is remarkably less known about the response of the airway to bacterial pathogens.  The purpose of this book will be to review the current status of theunderstanding of the pathogenesis of acute bacterial pneumonia, slanted toward the mucosal immunology of these infections.  It will describe, in general, the signaling cascades that control the proinflammatory response to bacterial infection in the lung. How innate immune signaling is orchestrated in response to specific common airway pathogens is addressed, targeting Staphylococus aureus (including MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae.   By describing the general immunological responses to conserved bacterial components and then detailing how specific organisms cause infection, this book provides a targeted but comprehensive review of this important topic.

Nosocomial infections. --- Pneumonia -- Immunological aspects. --- Pneumonia, Bacterial -- Diagnosis. --- Pneumonia. --- Pneumonia --- Pathogenic bacteria --- Mucous membrane --- Bacterial Infections --- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses --- Respiratory Tract Infections --- Lung Diseases --- Diseases --- Respiratory Tract Diseases --- Pneumonia, Bacterial --- Medicine --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Respiratory System Diseases --- Immunology --- Bacterial diseases --- Immunological aspects. --- Immunology. --- Mucosa --- Mucosal tissue --- Tunica mucosa --- Bacterial infections --- Lungs --- Pneumonitis --- Inflammation --- Medicine. --- Medical microbiology. --- Infectious diseases. --- Biomedicine. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Epithelium --- Membranes (Biology) --- Communicable diseases --- Medical bacteriology --- Microbiology. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The accurate identification and typing of microbes is essential for researchers in all fields of microbiology. The investigation of species diversity is crucial for the determination of the genetic relatedness of isolates for epidemiological studies. The development of molecular genotyping methods has improved the classification and typing of microorganisms at the sub-species level. In Molecular Typing in Bacterial Infections, readers will find an ultimate guide to molecular methods for the classification and typing of most human bacterial pathogens, covering a wide range of techniques which can be easily applied to the investigation of infectious diseases. The emphasis is on nucleic acid-based assays and alternative biochemically and immunologically-based formats providing significant potential improvement  of typing technologies that are transforming the field of diagnostic testing. Comprehensive and practical, Molecular Typing in Bacterial Infections provides state-of-the-art methods not only for accurate diagnostic, but also for the correct classification of different types which will prove to be critical in unraveling the routes of spread of human pathogens.

Bacteria -- Identification. --- Bacteria. --- Bacteriology. --- Molecular epidemiology. --- Bacteria --- Molecular epidemiology --- Genetic Techniques --- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses --- Epidemiology --- Molecular Biology --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Bacterial Typing Techniques --- Investigative Techniques --- Bacteriological Techniques --- Public Health --- Biochemistry --- Genetics --- Diseases --- Medicine --- Chemistry --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Environment and Public Health --- Microbiological Techniques --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Biology --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Health Occupations --- Health Care --- Clinical Laboratory Techniques --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Molecular Epidemiology --- Bacterial Infections --- Molecular Typing --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Identification --- Pathogenic bacteria. --- Classification --- Technique. --- Bacteria, Pathogenic --- Disease germs --- Germs --- Microbes --- Life sciences. --- Laboratory medicine. --- Infectious diseases. --- Epidemiology. --- Microbiology. --- Life Sciences. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Laboratory Medicine. --- Pathogenic microorganisms --- Bacterial diseases --- Medical bacteriology --- Prokaryotes --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Medical laboratories. --- Diagnosis, Laboratory --- Health facilities --- Laboratories --- Public health --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Microbiology --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms --- Clinical medicine --- Clinical pathology --- Diagnostic laboratory tests --- Laboratory diagnosis --- Laboratory medicine --- Medical laboratory diagnosis --- Diagnosis --- Pathology