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"This book explores the nature of the new challenges confronting citizens and local governments in the field of urban governance, exploring the role that Web 2.0 technologies play to promote citizen participation and empowerment in the city government"--Provided by publisher.

Internet in public administration. --- Local government --- Citizen participation. --- Crowdsourcing.

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Ever since the term "crowdsourcing" was coined in 2006 by Wired writer Jeff Howe, group activities ranging from the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary to the choosing of new colors for M & Ms have been labeled with this most buzz-generating of media buzzwords. In this accessible but authoritative account, grounded in the empirical literature, Daren Brabham explains what crowdsourcing is, what it is not, and how it works. Crowdsourcing, Brabham tells us, is an online, distributed problem solving and production model that leverages the collective intelligence of online communities for specific purposes set forth by a crowdsourcing organization -- corporate, government, or volunteer. Uniquely, it combines a bottom-up, open, creative process with top-down organizational goals. Crowdsourcing is not open source production, which lacks the top-down component; it is not a market research survey that offers participants a short list of choices; and it is qualitatively different from predigital open innovation and collaborative production processes, which lacked the speed, reach, rich capability, and lowered barriers to entry enabled by the Internet. Brabham describes the intellectual roots of the idea of crowdsourcing in such concepts as collective intelligence, the wisdom of crowds, and distributed computing. He surveys the major issues in crowdsourcing, including crowd motivation, the misconception of the amateur participant, crowdfunding, and the danger of "crowdsploitation" of volunteer labor, citing real-world examples from Threadless, InnoCentive, and other organizations. And he considers the future of crowdsourcing in both theory and practice, describing its possible roles in journalism, governance, national security, and science and health.

Human computation. --- Human-computer interaction. --- Computer-human interaction --- Human factors in computing systems --- Interaction, Human-computer --- Crowdsourcing --- Human-based computation --- Human computation systems --- Crowdsourcing (Distributed artificial intelligence) --- Human engineering --- User-centered system design --- User interfaces (Computer systems) --- Distributed artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction --- Human computation --- E-books --- Group decision making --- Business networks --- Externalisation ouverte --- Interaction homme-machine (Informatique) --- Décision de groupe --- Réseaux d'affaires --- INFORMATION SCIENCE/Communications & Telecommunications --- SOCIAL SCIENCES/Media Studies --- ECONOMICS/Labor Studies --- Crowdsourcing.