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This book is a study of the scientific revolution as a movement of amateur science. It describes the ideology of the amateur scientific societies as the philosophy of the Enlightenment Movement and their social structure and the way they made modern science such a magnificent institution. It also shows what was missing in the scientific organization of science and why it gave way to professional science in stages. In particular the book studies the contributions of Sir Francis Bacon and of the Hon. Robert Boyle to the rise of modern science. The philosophy of induction is notoriously problematic, yet its great asset is that it expressed the view of the Enlightenment Movement about science. This explains the ambivalence that we still exhibit towards Sir Francis Bacon whose radicalism and vision of pure and applied science still a major aspect of the fabric of society. Finally, the book discusses Boyle’s philosophy, his agreement with and dissent from Bacon and the way he single-handedly trained a crowd of poorly educated English aristocrats and rendered them into an army of able amateur researchers.

Bacon, Francis, 1909-1992 -- Exhibitions. --- Boyle, Robert, 1627-1691. --- Science -- Early works to 1800. --- Science. --- Science --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Philosophy & Religion --- Sciences - General --- Philosophy --- History --- Philosophy. --- Bacon, Francis, --- Boyle, Robert, --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- T. E., --- E., T., --- R. B. --- B., R. --- Person of quality, --- Person of honour, --- Boyle, R. --- Fellow of the Royal Society, --- Boyle, Robertus, --- T. H. R. B. --- B., T. H. R. --- Bacon de Verulam, François --- Bacon, François --- Philosophy and science. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Science and philosophy

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Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Auswärtigen Amts vom Institut für Zeitgeschichte. Hauptherausgeber: Horst Möller, Mitherausgeber: Klaus Hildebrand, Gregor Schöllgen Wissenschaftliche Leiterin: Ilse Dorothee Pautsch 1977, im "Deutschen Herbst", wurde der RAF-Terrorismus auch außenpolitisch zur zentralen Herausforderung der Bundesrepublik: Die Entführung des Arbeitgeberpräsidenten Schleyer und der Lufthansa-Maschine "Landshut" nach Mogadischu erforderten ein umfassendes, hier erstmals aus amtlichen Quellen dokumentiertes Krisenmanagement. Die Übernahme eines nichtständigen Sitzes im UNO-Sicherheitsrat brachte Bonn neue Aufgaben auf globaler Ebene, insbesondere bei den Konflikten im südlichen Afrika. Im transatlantischen Verhältnis führten die Kontroverse um die Neutronenbombe, das Nuklearabkommen mit Brasilien sowie die Behandlung von Menschenrechtsfragen zu Irritationen gegenüber der neuen Carter-Administration. Auf den MBFR-Verhandlungen in Wien und der KSZE-Folgekonferenz in Belgrad wurden Wege aus der drohenden Stagnation im Ost-West-Verhältnis gesucht.

Administrative personnel. --- Crisis management. --- Financial management. --- Regions & Countries - Europe --- History & Archaeology --- Germany --- Germany (West) --- Foreign relations --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Germany (Federal Republic, 1949- ) --- GFR --- West Germany (1949-1990) --- Germanskai︠a︡ Federalʹnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Ḥukūmat Almānyā al-Ittiḥādīyah --- NRF --- Niemiecka Republika Federalna --- FRG --- Federativnai︠a︡ Respublika Germanii --- NSR --- Nĕmecká spolková republika --- Német Szövetségi Köztársaság --- BRD --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Republiḳah ha-federalit ha-Germanit --- Batı Almanya --- Federal Almanya --- Tyske forbundsrepublik --- NSzK --- Repubblica federale tedesca --- Hsi-te cheng fu --- Te-i-chih lien pang kung ho kuo --- RFA --- République fédérale allemande --- RFN --- Republika Federalna Niemiec --- Republik Federasi Jerman --- Germany (Federal Republic) --- G.F.R. --- N.R.F. --- F.R.G. --- N.S.R. --- B.R.D. --- N.Sz.K. --- R.F.A. --- R.F.N. --- Alemania Federal --- République fédérale d'Allemagne --- República Federal de Alemania --- Bondsrepubliek Duitsland --- Repubblica federale di Germania --- German Federal Republic --- Western Germany --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (East) --- Außenpolitik. --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland. --- Edition. --- Zeitgeschichte. --- HISTORY / General.

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This volume seeks to explain why democratization and military reforms stagnate in newly democratizing countries. The contributions blend historical, ideational, cultural and structural explanatory factors to analyze the trajectories of military reform in Indonesia and Nigeria, two major regional powers that share many structural commonalities. In the tradition of the literature on security sector reform (SSR), the book not only scrutinizes executive initiatives toward military reform, but also provides ample coverage of societal actors. Findings show that while military reform is stagnating in both countries, societal forces ought to be taken into account more as major driving forces in explaining military reform. Several chapters study how legislatures, non-governmental organizations and the civilian defence epistemic community contribute to the transformation of military institutions. The last part of the book tackles another aspect rarely studied in the literature on military reform, namely, the role of militias in military reform.

Armed Forces --- Reorganization --- Indonesia --- Nigeria --- Reorganization. --- Nigeria (Federation) --- Federation of Nigeria --- Nigerija --- Federal Republic of Nigeria --- Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria --- Republic of Nigeria --- Federal Military Government (Nigeria) --- Nai-chi-li-ya --- Nigerii︠a︡ --- Bundesrepublik Nigeria --- United States of Indonesia --- Republic of the United States of Indonesia --- Republik Indonesia Serikat --- R.I. (Republik Indonesia) --- RI (Republik Indonesia) --- Indonesië --- Indonezii︠a︡ --- PDRI (Pemerintah Darurat Republik Indonesia) --- Pemerintah Darurat Republik Indonesia --- Republik Indonesia --- Yinni --- Republic of Indonesia --- Republiek van Indonesië --- إندونيسيا --- Indūnīsīyā --- جمهورية إندونيسيا --- Jumhūrīyah Indūnīsīyā --- Republica d'Indonesia --- Indonezia --- Endonèsie --- İndoneziya --- İndoneziya Respublikası --- Інданезія --- Indanezii︠a︡ --- Рэспубліка Інданезія --- Rėspublika Indanezii︠a︡ --- Indonezija --- Republika Indonezija --- Индонезия --- Република Индонезия --- Republika Indonezii︠a︡ --- Indonesya --- Induonezėjė --- Armed Services --- Military, The --- インドネシア --- Indoneshia --- インドネシア共和国 --- Indoneshia Kyōwakoku --- Political science. --- Comparative politics. --- International relations. --- Constitutional law. --- Political Science and International Relations. --- Comparative Politics. --- International Relations. --- Constitutional Law. --- Military art and science --- Disarmament --- Jamhuriyar Taraiyar Nijeriya --- Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà --- Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà --- ナイジェリア --- Naijeria --- ניגריה --- Nigeryah --- Dutch East Indies --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- Comparative political systems --- Comparative politics --- Government, Comparative --- Political systems, Comparative --- Political science --- Constitutional law --- Constitutional limitations --- Constitutionalism --- Constitutions --- Limitations, Constitutional --- Public law --- Administrative law --- Interpretation and construction --- Indonesia. --- ABRI --- A.B.R.I.

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A pocket edition of the Global Financial Development Database, published as part of the work on the Global Financial Development Report 2013: Rethinking the Role of the State in Finance. It contains 38 indicators of financial development in 205 economies, including measures of (1) financial depth, (2) access, (3) efficiency, and (4) stability of financial institutions and markets.

Finance --- International finance --- Financial institutions --- State supervision --- Government policy --- Funding --- Funds --- International monetary system --- International money --- Financial statistics --- Financial intermediaries --- Lending institutions --- Economics --- Currency question --- International economic relations --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- World Bank. --- Világbank --- Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développement --- Mezhdunarodnyĭ bank dli︠a︡ rekonstrukt︠s︡ii i razvitii︠a︡ --- MBRR --- Sekai Ginkō --- Kokusai Fukkō Kaihatsu Ginkō --- Kukche Puhŭng Kaebal Ŭnhaeng --- Segye Ŭnhaeng --- IBRD --- Welt Bank --- Weltbank --- Banque mondiale --- Internationale Bank für Wiederaufbau und Entwicklung --- Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento --- Banco Mundial --- B.I.R.D. --- BIRD --- Banca Internațională pentru Reconstrucție și Dezvoltare --- Mirovoĭ Bank --- Svitovyĭ Bank --- Svitovyĭ bank rekonstrukt︠s︡iï i rozvytku --- Verdensbanken --- Międzynarodowy Bank Rozwoju i Odbudowy --- Bank al-Dawlī lil-Inshāʼ wa-al-Taʻmīr --- Bank al-Dawlī --- Världsbanken --- Banca ricostruzione e sviluppo --- Banca di ricostruzione e sviluppo --- BIRF --- I.B.R.D. --- B.I.R.F. --- Shih chieh yin hang --- Shi jie yin hang --- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development --- World Bank Group. World Bank --- Thanākhān Lōk --- Bank Światowy --- Viśva Baiṅka --- Lōka Băṅkuva --- Ngân hàng Thế giới --- Vsemirnyĭ Bank --- Bank Dunia --- Msopʻlio Bankis --- Banca Mondială --- BM --- Prapañca Byāṅku --- Banca mondiale --- Banca internazionale per la ricostruzione e lo sviluppo --- Dhanāgār Bibhab Lok --- البنك الدولي --- بنك الدولي --- 世界銀行 --- 世界银行 --- 国際復興開発銀行 --- Dėlkhiĭn Bank --- Дэлхийн Банк --- Hamashkharhayin Banki --- Svetska Banka --- Wereldbank --- Internationale bank voor herstel en ontwikkeling

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Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Auswärtigen Amts vom Institut für Zeitgeschichte. Hauptherausgeber: Hans-Peter Schwarz, Mitherausgeber: Helga Haftendorn, Klaus Hildebrand, Werner Link, Horst Möller und Rudolf Morsey. Wissenschaftliche Leiterin: Ilse Dorothee Pautsch. 1973 konnten die Bemühungen Bonns um eine Regelung der Beziehungen zu den östlichen Nachbarn durch Verträge mit der CSSR, Bulgarien und Ungarn erfolgreich abgeschlossen werden. Gleichzeitig begann für die Bundesrepublik durch den Beitritt zur UNO und die Teilnahme an der KSZE eine neue Phase der Multilateralisierung ihrer Außenpolitik. Weitere thematische Schwerpunkte der 426 erstmals veröffentlichten Dokumente sind die MBFR-Verhandlungen in Wien, der Besuch von Leonid Breschnew in Bonn und der Vorschlag Henry Kissingers, im Rahmen eines "Year of Europe" die westliche Wertegemeinschaft in einer transatlantischen Erklärung zu bekräftigen. Der Jom-Kippur-Krieg im Oktober und die sich anschließende Ölkrise zeigten die Grenzen der Entspannung auf und stellten die europäischen Staaten vor neue Herausforderungen.

Regions & Countries - Europe --- History & Archaeology --- Germany --- Germany (West) --- Foreign relations --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Germany (Federal Republic, 1949- ) --- GFR --- West Germany (1949-1990) --- Germanskai︠a︡ Federalʹnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Ḥukūmat Almānyā al-Ittiḥādīyah --- NRF --- Niemiecka Republika Federalna --- FRG --- Federativnai︠a︡ Respublika Germanii --- NSR --- Nĕmecká spolková republika --- Német Szövetségi Köztársaság --- BRD --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Republiḳah ha-federalit ha-Germanit --- Batı Almanya --- Federal Almanya --- Tyske forbundsrepublik --- NSzK --- Repubblica federale tedesca --- Hsi-te cheng fu --- Te-i-chih lien pang kung ho kuo --- RFA --- République fédérale allemande --- RFN --- Republika Federalna Niemiec --- Republik Federasi Jerman --- Germany (Federal Republic) --- G.F.R. --- N.R.F. --- F.R.G. --- N.S.R. --- B.R.D. --- N.Sz.K. --- R.F.A. --- R.F.N. --- Alemania Federal --- République fédérale d'Allemagne --- República Federal de Alemania --- Bondsrepubliek Duitsland --- Repubblica federale di Germania --- German Federal Republic --- Western Germany --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (East) --- Außenpolitik. --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland. --- Edition. --- Zeitgeschichte. --- HISTORY / General.