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This report develops a framework of social unrest within a complex understanding of systemic risk.  The goal is to  try to identify triggers (events that lead to social unrest) and drivers (causal roots) for the emergence of social unrest and, based on this functional analysis, to design policy options on how to avoid, mitigate or handle unrest. The framework should enable a better understanding of the circumstances that may trigger social unrest, how intensely that unrest is likely to materialize and what interventions promise  to de-escalate the conflict or even prevent social unrest in the first place.   Since social unrest is more a process of escalation than a finite state of the world, the term has been conceptualized in a step-by-step escalation scheme.   Each step makes social unrest more severe. It is a gradual framework that identifies the different stages that make social unrest more and more probable. In order to identify relevant drivers and cluster of drivers, three case studies are investigated:  pandemics, cyber-related risk and financial crises. The main question is how did or could these events cause social unrests.  In a second step, an analytic model is used to capture the combined effects learned from the case study analysis. In a third step,the IRGC risk governance model for explaining the risk of social unrest or predicting the consequences of social unrest is applied. Finally , guidelines for normative governance with respect to social unrest are developed.

Social conflict --- Research. --- Class conflict --- Class struggle --- Conflict, Social --- Social tensions --- Interpersonal conflict --- Social psychology --- Sociology

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Christian religion --- Islam --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Community organization --- Human rights --- International --- Women's movements --- Feminist struggle --- Book --- Islamic feminism --- Women's rights

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This is one of the first single-author comparisons of different South Asian states around the theme of religious conflict. Based on new research and syntheses of the literature on 'communalism', it argues that religious conflict in this region in the modern period was never simply based on sectarian or theological differences or the clash of civilizations. Instead, the book proposes that the connection between religious radicalism and everyday violence relates to the actual (and perceived) weaknesses of political and state structures. For some, religious and ethnic mobilisation has provided a means of protest, where representative institutions failed. For others, it became a method of dealing with an uncertain political and economic future. For many it has no concrete or deliberate function, but has effectively upheld social stability, paternalism and local power, in the face of globalisation and the growing aspirations of the region's most underprivileged citizens.

Social conflict --- Conflits sociaux --- History --- Religious aspects --- Histoire --- Aspect religieux --- South Asia --- Asie méridionale --- Religion --- Class conflict --- Class struggle --- Conflict, Social --- Social tensions --- Interpersonal conflict --- Social psychology --- Sociology --- History. --- Religion. --- Arts and Humanities

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Evolutionary biology has long sought to explain how new traits and new species arise. Darwin maintained that competition is key to understanding this biodiversity and held that selection acting to minimize competition causes competitors to become increasingly different, thereby promoting new traits and new species. Despite Darwin's emphasis, competition's role in diversification remains controversial and largely underappreciated. In their synthetic and provocative book, evolutionary ecologists David and Karin Pfennig explore competition's role in generating and maintaining biodiversity. The authors discuss how selection can lessen resource competition or costly reproductive interactions by promoting trait evolution through a process known as character displacement. They further describe character displacement's underlying genetic and developmental mechanisms. The authors then consider character displacement's myriad downstream effects, ranging from shaping ecological communities to promoting new traits and new species and even fueling large-scale evolutionary trends. Drawing on numerous studies from natural populations, and written for a broad audience, Evolution's Wedge seeks to inspire future research into character displacement's many implications for ecology and evolution.

Animal diversity. --- Competition (Biology) --- Divergence (Biology) --- Biotic competition --- Ecological competition --- Interspecific competition --- Intraspecific competition --- Species competition --- Struggle for survival (Biology) --- Survival, Struggle for (Biology) --- Population biology --- Species --- Biology --- Phylogeny --- Animal biodiversity --- Animal biological diversity --- Animals --- Diversity, Animal --- Faunal diversity --- Zoological diversity --- Biodiversity --- Diversity --- biodiversity. --- biographical. --- biology books. --- books for science lovers. --- conservation of environment. --- darwin theories. --- discussion books. --- easy to read. --- ecological communities. --- educational books. --- engaging. --- environmental ecology. --- evolution of biology. --- evolution of science. --- food chain. --- going green. --- history. --- home school science books. --- learning from experts. --- leisure reads. --- life sciences. --- maintaining biodiversity. --- nonfiction books. --- protecting animals. --- scientists. --- the importance of the environment. --- travels books.

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"Archaic Greece saw a number of decisive changes, including the emergence of the polis, the foundation of Greek settlements throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea, the organization of Panhellenic games and festivals, the rise of tyranny, the invention of literacy, the composition of the Homeric epics, and the emergence of lyric poetry, the development of monumental architecture and large-scale sculpture, and the establishment of 'democracy'. This book argues that the best way of understanding them is the application of an eclectic Marxist model of class struggle, a struggle not only over control of agricultural land but also over cultural ideals and ideology. A substantial theoretical introduction lays out the underlying assumptions in relation to alternative models. Material and textual remains of the period are examined in depth for clues to their ideological import, while later sources and a wide range ofmodern scholarship are evaluated for their explanatory power"--

Social classes --- Social conflict --- Class conflict --- Class struggle --- Conflict, Social --- Social tensions --- Interpersonal conflict --- Social psychology --- Sociology --- Class distinction --- Classes, Social --- Rank --- Caste --- Estates (Social orders) --- Social status --- Class consciousness --- Classism --- Social stratification --- History. --- Greece --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- Arts and Humanities --- History