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This report analyzes equity and financial protection in the health sector of Zambia. In particular, it examines inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. Data are drawn from the 2007 Zambia demographic and health survey, the 2006 Zambia living conditions monitoring survey, the 2003 Zambia world health survey and the 2003 Zambia national health accounts. All analyses are conducted using original survey data and employ the health modules of the ADePT software. Overall, health care financing in Zambia in 2006 was fairly progressive, id est the better-off spent a larger fraction of their consumption on health care than the poor. The financing sources that contribute to the overall progressivity of health care finance are general taxation, which finances 42 per cent of domestic spending on health, and contributions made by private employers, which finance 9 per cent of spending. An additional contribution to overall progressivity is made through pre-payment mechanisms, but this remains fairly limited given that they only represent 1 per cent of total health finance. Out-of-pocket health payments, which account for 47 per cent of total health financing, appear to be proportional to income, with only slight and not statistically significant evidence of progressivity.

Breast Cancer --- Cervical Cancer --- Child Health --- Cost-Effectiveness --- Diabetes --- Diarrhea --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Doctors --- Employment --- Gender --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Finance --- Health Insurance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hiv/Aids --- Hospitals --- Human Resources --- Infant Mortality --- International Comparisons --- Living Standards --- Malaria --- Measles --- Mortality --- Nutrition --- Obesity --- Physicians --- Polio --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Health Insurance --- Private Sector --- Public Health --- Public Hospitals --- Public Sector --- Social Health Insurance --- Social Insurance --- Specialists --- Tuberculosis --- Violence --- Workers

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The health equity and financial protection reports are short country-specific volumes that provide a picture of equity and financial protection in the health sectors of low- and middle-income countries. Topics covered include: inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. This report analyses equity and financial protection in the health sector of Mongolia. In particular, it examines inequalities in health outcomes and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. Data are drawn from the 2005 Mongolia multiple indicator cluster survey and the 2007-08 Mongolia household socio-economic survey.

Breast Cancer --- Cervical Cancer --- Child Health --- Diabetes --- Diarrhea --- Disasters --- Doctors --- Gender --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Finance --- Health Insurance --- Health Outcomes --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Infant Mortality --- Living Standards --- Malaria --- Measles --- Mortality --- Nurses --- Nutrition --- Obesity --- Polio --- Population Policies --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Health Insurance --- Private Sector --- Public Health --- Public Hospitals --- Public Sector --- Quality of Health Care --- Social Health Insurance --- Social Insurance --- Tuberculosis --- Violence

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This volume of the International Perspectives on Education and Society series comparatively examines various two-year and community college institutions worldwide. While these institutions are called by different names and may not all be structured the same around the world, their core mission remains consistently: to respond to the needs of their local community. Inspired by the German Volkshochschule, founded in 1844, this model is now throughout the U.S., Canada, Australia, India, South Africa, Thailand and other nations. While the community college is debatable and possibly controversial in and of itself, these institutions all serve the needs of their local communities by bridging the gap between academic and technical training with open and accessible learning. Students served by these institutions come from various socioeconomic backgrounds including age, race, culture, gender, and income levels. Two-year and community colleges adapt and institutionalize differently to meet various community needs, whether they provide students with technical training, the ability to transfer to four-year higher education institutions, remedial education or lifelong learning opportunities. This volume analyzes the ways this model has served and continues to serve communities in different international contexts for similar purposes.

HIV-positive persons --- Education --- HIV infections --- Education. --- Health aspects. --- Social aspects. --- AIDS (Disease) -- Social aspects. --- Education -- Health aspects -- Cross-cultural studies. --- HIV infections -- Social aspects. --- Social Sciences --- Education, Special Topics --- Community colleges -- United States. --- Community colleges. --- Theory & Practice of Education --- Health & Fitness --- Educational: Personal, social & health education (PSHE) --- Multicultural education. --- HIV-positive persons. --- Diseases --- AIDS & HIV. --- Health Care Issues. --- General. --- Colleges of higher education. --- Adult education, continuous learning. --- Education, Higher. --- Higher. --- Organizations & Institutions. --- Inclusive Education. --- College students --- Higher education --- Postsecondary education --- Universities and colleges --- Community junior colleges --- Local junior colleges --- Municipal junior colleges --- Public community colleges --- Public junior colleges --- Public two-year colleges --- Two-year colleges --- Junior colleges --- Public universities and colleges --- HIV (Viruses) infections --- HTLV-III infections --- HTLV-III-LAV infections --- Human T-lymphotropic virus III infections --- Lentivirus infections --- Sexually transmitted diseases --- Children --- Education, Primitive --- Education of children --- Human resource development --- Instruction --- Pedagogy --- Schooling --- Students --- Youth --- Civilization --- Learning and scholarship --- Mental discipline --- Schools --- Teaching --- Training --- HIV-infected persons --- HIV patients --- HIV-sero-positive persons --- HIV-seropositive persons --- People living with HIV/AIDS --- Positive persons, HIV --- -Sero-positive persons, HIV --- -Seropositive persons, HIV --- -Patients --- Patients --- Public universities and colleges.