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Veterans --- Ambulatory medical care --- Emergency medical services --- Public hospitals --- Medical fees --- Medical care --- Outpatient services

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Macroeconomic growth and incomes have been on the rise since the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC), but health service utilization and health outcomes in Indonesia have been slower to improve. Jamkesmas could provide valuable benefits by allowing cardholders to acquire preventative, curative, and catastrophic health care services without fees. When it promotes healthy households, keeps students active, alert, and participating in their education, returns adults to work sooner, and saves households from the high costs of healthcare, Jamkesmas' sizeable individual benefits should be matched by increased social benefits resulting from a healthy and productive population. Jamkesmas has been provided to poor households, but many non-poor have also received Jamkesmas benefits due to dual central and local targeting processes which have led to frequent mismatches and errors in coverage. Health service providers find Jamkesmas difficult and costly to implement resulting in fewer services provided, and funds spent, on Jamkesmas beneficiaries. Local regulations regarding public health center management often conflict with Jamkesmas mandates, leaving health service providers confused and unwilling to use Jamkesmas funds to provide Jamkesmas beneficiaries with planned services. The future costs of an improved Jamkesmas program have not been adequately publicized and Jamkesmas' financial, fiscal, and political sustainability is uncertain.

Cash Transfers --- Communities --- Data Collection --- Disasters --- Doctors --- Drugs --- Economies of Scale --- Epidemics --- Exchange Rates --- Expenditures --- Family Planning --- Financial Crisis --- Financial Management --- Health and Poverty --- Health Care Costs --- Health Insurance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Natural Disasters --- Private Sector --- Public Health --- Public Hospitals --- Public Sector Development --- Referrals --- Rehabilitation --- Sanitation --- Social Insurance --- Social Protections & Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor --- Surgery --- Unemployment --- Urban Areas --- Villages --- Workers

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The health equity and financial protection reports are short country-specific volumes that provide a picture of equity and financial protection in the health sectors of low-and middle-income countries. Topics covered include: inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. Pakistan's government is committed to improving the equity of health outcomes and the ability to offer financial protection in the health sector through the implementation of the National Health Policy. Pakistan spends 2.62 per cent (2009) of its gross domestic product (GDP) on health. This is far lower than the average spending levels in other countries in the South Asia Region, which have spent an average of 5.3 per cent (2009) of their GDP on health.

Breast Cancer --- Burden of Disease --- Cervical Cancer --- Child Health --- Communicable Diseases --- Diabetes --- Diarrhea --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Economies of Scale --- Gender --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Insurance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Policy --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Infant Mortality --- Insurance --- International Comparisons --- Living Standards --- Malaria --- Measles --- Mental Health --- Mortality --- Nutrition --- Obesity --- Physicians --- Polio --- Population Policies --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector --- Public Health --- Public Hospitals --- Social Insurance --- Specialists --- Tuberculosis --- Violence

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Pakistan has made strides over the last decade in its Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) response, with active surveillance, considerable research, both governmental and non?governmental prevention and care activities, and treatment since 2005 to 2006. However, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevalence among People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) has not declined, coverage of current prevention and treatment programs remains limited and the gains made to date are threatened by internal and external factors. This report attempts to review and synthesize available data on HIV in Pakistan and to use these data to suggest strategic priorities for the next phase of the HIV response in an effort to improve the allocative efficiency of resources and effective and efficient implementation of the response. This report presents an integrated model for HIV services delivery that depicts a continuum of care from prevention outreach to treatment with a focus on evidence based interventions and strong linkages. It describes three potential models for Volunteer Counseling and Testing (VCT) services for most at risk populations that increase outreach and engagement with PWID, hijra communities, and Male Sex Workers (MSWs), and their clients. It also places heavy emphasis on evidence based approaches to prevention including expanding treatment for High Risk Groups (HRGs) and improving the linkages for HIV positive and HIV negative PWID for drug treatment services, such as Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT), and outlines the steps for an evidenced based, effective and efficient policy response at a time of shrinking resources for HIV in overall low prevalence settings. This report is organized as follows: chapter one gives introduction; chapter two presents epidemiology methods; chapter three gives country context; chapter four presents status of HIV epidemic; chapter five gives summary of key findings; chapter six deals with systems response to HIV and AIDS in Pakistan; chapter seven gives key policy recommendations; and chapter eight gives conclusion.

Civil Conflict --- Civil Rights --- Cohort Studies --- Crime --- Developing Countries --- Disasters --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Doctors --- Drugs --- Epidemics --- Epidemiology --- Females --- Fertility --- Gender --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Professionals --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hepatitis --- Hiv/Aids --- Hospitals --- Human Rights --- Life Expectancy --- Maternal Mortality --- Migrant Workers --- Migration --- Mortality --- Natural Disasters --- Nurses --- Pharmaceuticals --- Political Instability --- Population Policies --- Public Health --- Public Hospitals --- Refugees --- Remittances --- Respect --- Sex Workers --- Treatment --- Tuberculosis --- Urban Areas --- Urbanization --- Violence

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The health equity and financial protection reports are short country-specific volumes that provide a picture of equity and financial protection in the health sectors of low-and middle-income countries. Topics covered include: inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. Kenya's government is committed to improving equity and financial protection in health by implementing the Second National Health Sector Strategic Plan (NHSSP II). Kenya spends 4.3 per cent (2009) of its gross domestic product (GDP) on health. This is lower than the average spending levels in other lower income countries in Africa, which spent an average of 6.5 per cent (2009) of their GDP on health. The functions of the health system in Kenya have historically been centralized through top-down decision-making and resource allocations. However, in the past decade Kenya has committed to decentralization of certain core functions to the district level. These include managing the health management system, making resource allocation decisions, and delivering health services. The central government maintains control over the majority of the key functions of the health system including staffing, contracting, and maintaining the national health information system. Kenya has a form of social insurance through the 40 year-old National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF). Employees in the formal sector are compulsorily insured and must make monthly contributions from their wages.

Access to Health Services --- Breast Cancer --- Cervical Cancer --- Child Health --- Diabetes --- Diarrhea --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Doctors --- Gender --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Information --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Infant Mortality --- International Comparisons --- Living Standards --- Malaria --- Measles --- Mental Health --- Mortality --- Nurses --- Nutrition --- Obesity --- Physicians --- Polio --- Population Policies --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector --- Public Health --- Public Hospitals --- Social Insurance --- Specialists --- Tuberculosis --- Violence --- Workers