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Physiological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds is the most current and comprehensive account of research on avian reproduction. It develops two unique themes: the consideration of female avian reproductive physiology and ecology, and an emphasis on individual variation in life-history traits. Tony Williams investigates the physiological, metabolic, energetic, and hormonal mechanisms that underpin individual variation in the key female-specific reproductive traits and the trade-offs between these traits that determine variation in fitness. The core of the book deals with the avian reproductive cycle, from seasonal gonadal development, through egg laying and incubation, to chick rearing. Reproduction is considered in the context of the annual cycle and through an individual's entire life history. The book focuses on timing of breeding, clutch size, egg size and egg quality, and parental care. It also provides a primer on female reproductive physiology and considers trade-offs and carryover effects between reproduction and other life-history stages. In each chapter, Williams describes individual variation in the trait of interest and the evolutionary context for trait variation. He argues that there is only a rudimentary, and in some cases nonexistent, understanding of the physiological mechanisms that underpin individual variation in the major reproductive life-history traits, and that research efforts should refocus on these key unresolved problems by incorporating detailed physiological studies into existing long-term population studies, generating a new synthesis of physiology, ecology, and evolutionary biology.

Birds --- Phenotype. --- Adaptation (Physiology) --- Females. --- Aves --- Avian fauna --- Avifauna --- Wild birds --- Amniotes --- Vertebrates --- Ornithology --- Phenotypes --- Genetics --- Genotype-environment interaction --- Compensation (Physiology) --- Plasticity (Physiology) --- Ecophysiology --- Sex --- Ecology. --- Variation. --- Physiology. --- Reproduction. --- Evolution. Phylogeny --- Veterinary physiology --- annual cycle. --- avian ecology. --- avian reproduction. --- avian reproductive cycle. --- breeding events. --- breeding season. --- breeding. --- chick rearing. --- chick-rearing. --- clutch number. --- clutch size. --- corticosterone. --- ecology. --- egg laying. --- egg production. --- egg quality. --- egg size. --- evolutionary biology. --- female birds. --- female reproduction. --- food availability. --- hypothalamicаituitaryЧonadal axis. --- incubation. --- life-history stages. --- life-history. --- maternal fitness. --- neuroendocrine system. --- nutrient debts. --- ovary. --- parental care. --- photoperiod. --- physiological mechanisms. --- post-breeding life. --- pre-breeding period. --- prolactin. --- reproductive costs. --- reproductive cycle. --- reproductive life-history. --- reproductive physiology. --- reproductive traits. --- resource allocation. --- self-maintenance. --- temperature. --- wintering.

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Les actes de la table ronde se fondent sur une définition large du terme 'humanistes' et sur la prise en compte de l'insertion de ces derniers dans un contexte social. En outre, nous souhaitons élargir la périodisation traditionelle (fine du XIVe-début du XVIe siécle) et envisager la question dès le XIIIe siècle. Cette proposition vise à reprendre la question des rapports des humanistes avec la tradition des dictatores, afin de réexaminer la question des relations entre 'litterati laici' et 'litterati clerici'. C'est pourquoi le point de départ choisi est plutôt celui d'une 'culture humaniste' naissant de l'apparition des litterati laici qui se confrontent à la culture ecclésiastique: une confrontation qui ne doit pas être lue en terme d'opposition ou de collaboration, mais plutôt de féconde émulation et de continuel va et vient dans des contextes sociaux et culturels à reconstruire.

Humanism --- Humanists --- History --- Italy --- Intellectual life --- Religious life and customs --- Humanisme --- Humanistes --- Histoire --- Histoire. --- Italie --- Vie intellectuelle --- Vie religieuse --- Vie religieuse. --- Clergy --- Clergé --- 13th-16th century --- History. --- Humanism - Italy - History --- Humanists - Italy --- Italy - Intellectual life - History --- Italy - Religious life and customs --- Philosophy --- Classical education --- Classical philology --- Philosophical anthropology --- Renaissance

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"For too long, the study of religious life in Late Antiquity has relied on the premise that Jews, pagans, and Christians were largely discrete groups divided by clear markers of belief, ritual, and social practice. More recently, however, a growing body of scholarship is revealing the degree to which identities in the late Roman world were fluid, blurred by ethnic, social, and gender differences. Christianness, for example, was only one of a plurality of identities available to Christians in this period. In Christians and Their Many Identities in Late Antiquity, North Africa, 200-450 CE, Éric Rebillard explores how Christians in North Africa between the age of Tertullian and the age of Augustine were selective in identifying as Christian, giving salience to their religious identity only intermittently. By shifting the focus from groups to individuals, Rebillard more broadly questions the existence of bounded, stable, and homogeneous groups based on Christianness. In emphasizing that the intermittency of Christianness is structurally consistent in the everyday life of Christians from the end of the second to the middle of the fifth century, this book opens a whole range of new questions for the understanding of a crucial period in the history of Christianity"--Publisher's Web site.

27 <61> --- 27 "02/04" --- Church history --- -Christian life --- Christians --- Discipleship --- Religious life --- Theology, Practical --- Christianity --- Ecclesiastical history --- History, Church --- History, Ecclesiastical --- History --- Kerkgeschiedenis--Noord-Afrikaanse Staten. Maghreb. Noord-Afrika --- Kerkgeschiedenis--?"02/04" --- -Religious life --- Africa, North --- -Barbary States --- Maghreb --- Maghrib --- North Africa --- Church history. --- Christian life --- Apostolic Church --- Church, Apostolic --- Early Christianity --- Early church --- Primitive and early church --- Primitive Christianity --- Fathers of the church --- Great Apostasy (Mormon doctrine) --- Barbary States --- Church history - Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. --- Christian life - History - Early church, ca. 30-600. --- Africa, North - Church history.

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Nutrition has long been considered more the domain of medicine and agriculture than of the biological sciences, yet it touches and shapes all aspects of the natural world. The need for nutrients determines whether wild animals thrive, how populations evolve and decline, and how ecological communities are structured. The Nature of Nutrition is the first book to address nutrition's enormously complex role in biology, both at the level of individual organisms and in their broader ecological interactions. Stephen Simpson and David Raubenheimer provide a comprehensive theoretical approach to the analysis of nutrition--the Geometric Framework. They show how it can help us to understand the links between nutrition and the biology of individual animals, including the physiological mechanisms that determine the nutritional interactions of the animal with its environment, and the consequences of these interactions in terms of health, immune responses, and lifespan. Simpson and Raubenheimer explain how these effects translate into the collective behavior of groups and societies, and in turn influence food webs and the structure of ecosystems. Then they demonstrate how the Geometric Framework can be used to tackle issues in applied nutrition, such as the problem of optimizing diets for livestock and endangered species, and how it can also help to address the epidemic of human obesity and metabolic disease. Drawing on a wealth of examples from slime molds to humans, The Nature of Nutrition has important applications in ecology, evolution, and physiology, and offers promising solutions for human health, conservation, and agriculture.

Energy metabolism. --- Obesity. --- Physiology, Experimental. --- Bioenergetics. --- Adaptation (Physiology) --- Animal nutrition. --- Nutrition --- Nutrition. --- Bioenergetics --- Metabolism --- Microbial respiration --- Adiposity --- Corpulence --- Fatness --- Overweight --- Body weight --- Nutrition disorders --- Experimental physiology --- Energy balance (Biology) --- Energy budget (Biology) --- Energy dynamics (Ecology) --- Energy utilization (Biology) --- Biochemistry --- Energy budget (Geophysics) --- Compensation (Physiology) --- Plasticity (Physiology) --- Ecophysiology --- Animals --- Domestic animals --- Livestock --- Nutrition research --- Alimentation --- Food --- Health --- Physiology --- Diet --- Dietetics --- Digestion --- Food habits --- Malnutrition --- Research. --- Disorders --- Health aspects --- Geometric Framework. --- aging. --- agricultural animals. --- animal feeds. --- animal life. --- animal nutrition. --- applied nutrition. --- biophysical ecology. --- cannibalism. --- companion animals. --- conservation ecology. --- dietary recommendations. --- dietary restriction. --- ecological communities. --- ecological sciences. --- ecosystem dynamics. --- ecosystem. --- endangered species. --- energetic expenditure. --- epigenetic effects. --- evolutionary ecology. --- feeding behavior. --- food components. --- food composition. --- food requirements. --- food webs. --- food-level analysis. --- geometric responses. --- group-level behavioral patterns. --- growth targets. --- gut. --- health. --- human diet. --- human health. --- human nutrition. --- human obesity. --- imbalanced diets. --- immune response. --- individual nutrition. --- individual nutritional state. --- intake target. --- intake targets. --- life history theory. --- life span. --- life-history strategies. --- lifespan. --- local nutritional interactions. --- macronutrient intake. --- macronutrient. --- malnutrition. --- medicine. --- metabolic disease. --- metabolic responses. --- micronutrient. --- migration. --- modern human diet. --- multiple nutrients. --- multiple-food-components. --- natural medicines. --- natural selection. --- nutrient intake. --- nutrient needs. --- nutrient space. --- nutrient-level analysis. --- nutrients. --- nutrition. --- nutritional biology. --- nutritional environment. --- nutritional environments. --- nutritional epigenetics. --- nutritional geometry. --- nutritional homeostasis. --- nutritional immunology. --- nutritional interactions. --- nutritional regimes. --- nutritional requirements. --- nutritional sciences. --- nutritional space. --- nutritional state. --- nutritional traits. --- physiological responses. --- postingestive regulatory responses. --- protein appetite. --- protein intake. --- reproduction. --- reproductive senescence. --- self-medication. --- sex. --- sexual selection theory. --- stored fat. --- superorganism. --- taste receptors. --- toxin. --- trophic dynamics.