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L’inégalité mondiale des niveaux de vie relève d’une évolution paradoxale. Après avoir crû inexorablement du début du XIXe au milieu du XXe siècle, elle s’est mise à décliner au cours des vingt dernières années, du fait de la croissance d’un certain nombre d’économies (dites « émergentes »). En même temps, l’inégalité tend à augmenter à l’intérieur d’un grand nombre de pays, alimentant injustices et tensions sociales. Dans quelle mesure la mondialisation, pour partie responsable de l’égalisation entre les nations, substitue-t-elle à l’inégalité internationale un surcroît d’inégalité au sein même des espaces nationaux ? Ce livre examine les tenants et les aboutissants de ce paradoxe, ainsi que les instruments dont disposent les décideurs nationaux et internationaux pour maîtriser cette évolution. Il importe de veiller à ce que le développement de l’économie mondiale continue de réduire l’inégalité internationale entre les niveaux de vie, mais ce progrès ne sera durable que s’il respecte le principe d’équité au sein des nations.
Equality --- Social stratification --- Social justice --- Globalization --- Economic history --- Economic aspects --- Inégalité sociale --- Mondialisation --- Aspect social --- AA / International- internationaal --- 313 --- 339.21 --- 382.11 --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën). --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid. --- Theorie van het internationale evenwicht. Economische onafhankelijkheid van een natie. Globalisering. Mondialisering. --- Inégalité sociale. --- Aspect social. --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën) --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid --- Theorie van het internationale evenwicht. Economische onafhankelijkheid van een natie. Globalisering. Mondialisering --- Equality Economic aspects --- Globalization - Economic aspects --- Economic history - 21st century --- Equality - Economic aspects
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La crise actuelle a mis un terme au mythique égalitarisme américain et la société a pris conscience des différences existant entre les castes privilégiées et ceux qui survivent avec des emplois précaires. Des intellectuels français et américains débattent de ce sujet et montrent comment cette ligne de faille s'est creusée dans la société.
Social conflict --- Equality --- Conflits sociaux --- Egalité (Sociologie) --- United States --- Etats-Unis --- Social conditions --- Conditions sociales --- Income distribution --- Social classes --- 313 --- 321.96 --- 339.21 --- US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën) --- Onderlinge relaties tussen klassen. Klassenstrijd --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid --- Social conditions.
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Plutôt que de s'interroger sur la cause ultime de la pauvreté, les auteurs se sont intéressés aux choix qu'opèrent les pauvres en matière de consommation, de mode de vie et d'éducation afin de tester expérimentalement l'efficacité des méthodes préconisées pour améliorer leur sort. Faut-il subventionner les denrées de base ou privilégier les transferts sociaux ? Vaut-il mieux donner ou vendre les moustiquaires qui protègent du paludisme ? La microfinance est-elle le remède espéré pour sortir des « pièges de pauvreté » ? [Extrait de la 4e de couverture]
Poverty --- Pauvreté --- Government policy --- Politique gouvernementale --- Economic assistance --- Poor --- Prevention --- Developing countries --- Economic conditions --- AA / International- internationaal --- 202 --- 313 --- 339.320 --- 339.21 --- Sociale organisatie. --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën). --- Consumptie: algemeenheden. Wet van de vraag in verband met de consumptie. Consumptiebehoefte. Behoeftetheorie. --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid. --- Pauvreté --- Pauvres --- Protection, assistance, etc. --- Government policy. --- Politique publique --- Sociale organisatie --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën) --- Consumptie: algemeenheden. Wet van de vraag in verband met de consumptie. Consumptiebehoefte. Behoeftetheorie --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid --- 340 --- développement --- pauvreté --- politique mondiale --- Prix Nobel d_économie --- economie --- économie --- Economic assistance - Developing countries --- Poverty - Prevention --- Poor - Developing countries --- Developing countries - Economic conditions
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AA / International- internationaal --- EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- 202 --- 321.2 --- 330.580 --- 336.024 --- 339.21 --- 368.40 --- Sociale organisatie. --- Economisch beleid van de overheid. --- Gecontroleerde economie. Geleide economie. Welvaarststaat. Algemeenheden. --- Sociale begroting, rekeningen en uitgaven. Gezondheid. --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid. --- Sociale voorzorg en verzekeringen. Sociale zekerheid: algemeenheden. --- Social policy --- Social security law --- Europe --- Welfare state --- Etat providence --- European Union countries --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- Politique sociale --- Sociale organisatie --- Economisch beleid van de overheid --- Gecontroleerde economie. Geleide economie. Welvaarststaat. Algemeenheden --- Sociale begroting, rekeningen en uitgaven. Gezondheid --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid --- Sociale voorzorg en verzekeringen. Sociale zekerheid: algemeenheden --- État providence --- Aide sociale --- Pays de l'Union européenne
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This book addresses two questions - why some political systems have more centralized systems of interpersonal redistribution than others, and why some political unions make larger efforts to equalize resources among their constituent units than others. This book presents a new theory of the origin of fiscal structures in systems with several levels of government. The argument points to two major factors to account for the variation in redistribution: the interplay between economic geography and political representation on the one hand, and the scope of interregional economic externalities on the other. To test the empirical implications derived from the argument, the book relies on in-depth studies of the choice of fiscal structures in unions as diverse as the European Union, Canada and the United States in the aftermath of the Great Depression; Germany before and after Reunification; and Spain after the transition to democracy.
AA / International- internationaal --- EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- CA / Canada --- US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- DE / Germany - Duitsland - Allemagne --- ES / Spain - Spanje - Espagne --- 339.21 --- 336.53 --- 338.43 --- 334.151.4 --- 313 --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid. --- Financiële betrekkingen tussen het rijk, de provincies en de gemeenten. --- Regionaal beleid. Industriële ontwikkeling en omschakeling van bepaalde regio's. Nieuwe industrieën. --- EG : regionaal beleid. Europees Fonds voor Regionale Ontwikkeling. --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën). --- Comparative government --- Equality --- Regionalism --- Human geography --- Nationalism --- Interregionalism --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Comparative political systems --- Comparative politics --- Government, Comparative --- Political systems, Comparative --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën) --- EG : regionaal beleid. Europees Fonds voor Regionale Ontwikkeling --- Financiële betrekkingen tussen het rijk, de provincies en de gemeenten --- Regionaal beleid. Industriële ontwikkeling en omschakeling van bepaalde regio's. Nieuwe industrieën --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid --- European Union countries --- North America --- Economic conditions --- Regional disparities. --- Regionalism. --- Equality. --- Comparative government. --- Turtle Island (Continent) --- Social Sciences --- Political Science
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Inequality is a charged topic. Measures of income inequality rose in the USA in the 1990s to levels not seen since 1929 and gave rise to a suspicion, not for the first time, of a link between radical inequality and financial instability with a resulting crisis under capitalism. Professional macroeconomists have generally taken little interest in inequality because, within the parameters of traditional economic theory, the economy will stabilize itself at full employment. In addition, enlightened economists could enact stabilizing measures to manage any imbalances. The dominant voices among academic economists were unable to interpret the causal forces at work during both the Great Depression and the recent global financial crisis. In Inequality and Instability, James K. Galbraith argues that since there has been no serious work done on the macroeconomic effects of inequality, new sources of evidence are required. Galbraith offers for the first time a vast expansion of the capacity to calculate measures of inequality both at lower and higher levels of aggregation. Instead of measuring inequality as traditionally done, by country, Galbraith insists that to understand real differences that have real effects, inequality must be examined through both smaller and larger administrative units, like sub-national levels within and between states and provinces, multinational continental economies, and the world. He points out that inequality could be captured by measures across administrative boundaries to capture data on more specific groups to which people belong. For example, in China, economic inequality reflects the difference in average income levels between city and countryside, or between coastal regions and the interior, and a simple ratio averages would be an indicator of trends in inequality over the country as a whole. In a comprehensive presentation of this new method of using data, Inequality and Instability offers an unequaled look at the US economy and various global economies that was not accessible to us before. This provides a more sophisticated and a more accurate picture of inequality around the world, and how inequality is one of the most basic sources of economic instability.
Income distribution --- Economic policy --- Globalization --- Power (Social sciences) --- Economic development --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Social aspects --- Research --- Income distribution. --- -Power (Social sciences) --- -Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009. --- crise financiere --- redistribution des revenus --- armoede --- AA / International- internationaal --- US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- CN / China - Chine --- BR / Brazil - Brazilië - Brésil --- CU / Cuba --- 339.21 --- 339.230 --- 339.325.1 --- 313 --- 331.31 --- 332.20 --- 202 --- 174 --- 339.2 --- Global Economic Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Subprime Mortgage Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Financial crises --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Empowerment (Social sciences) --- Political power --- Exchange theory (Sociology) --- Political science --- Social sciences --- Sociology --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Global cities --- Globalisation --- Internationalization --- International relations --- Anti-globalization movement --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- financiele crisis --- inkomensherverdeling --- pauvrete --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid. --- Particuliere inkomens: algemeenheden. --- Evolutie van de consumptie. Budget van de huishoudens. --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën). --- Economisch beleid. --- Bezoldiging van de arbeid: algemeenheden. --- Sociale organisatie. --- Verband tussen de ethiek en de economie. Ethiek en bedrijf. --- -Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid --- Particuliere inkomens: algemeenheden --- Evolutie van de consumptie. Budget van de huishoudens --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën) --- Economisch beleid --- Bezoldiging van de arbeid: algemeenheden --- Sociale organisatie --- Verband tussen de ethiek en de economie. Ethiek en bedrijf --- Globalization - Social aspects --- Economic development - Research
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Social stratification --- Income --- United States --- Income distribution --- Equality --- Revenu --- Egalité (Sociologie) --- Répartition --- Etats-Unis --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- Conditions économiques --- Conditions sociales --- Social aspects --- US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- 339.21 --- 331.31 --- 333.846.5 --- -316.442 --- 330.56 --- 305.50973 --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid. --- Economisch beleid. --- Verband tussen de geld-, bank- en kredietpolitiek en de besparingen, kapitaalvorming, verdeling van vermogens. --- -Gelijkheid. Ongelijkheid. Pluralisme. Sociale ongelijkheid --- Nationaal inkomen. Volksinkomen. Gezinsinkomen. Vermogensstratificatie. Particuliere inkomens en bestedingen. Armoede. Honger --- -Social conditions --- -Equality --- -US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- 330.56 Nationaal inkomen. Volksinkomen. Gezinsinkomen. Vermogensstratificatie. Particuliere inkomens en bestedingen. Armoede. Honger --- 316.442 Gelijkheid. Ongelijkheid. Pluralisme. Sociale ongelijkheid --- Gelijkheid. Ongelijkheid. Pluralisme. Sociale ongelijkheid --- -Social stratification --- -Income distribution --- Egalité (Sociologie) --- Répartition --- Conditions économiques --- U.S.A. --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si︠e︡vernoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Si︠e︡vero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Zlucheni Derz︠h︡avy --- USA --- US --- Arhab --- Ar. ha-B. --- Artsot ha-Berit --- ولايات المتحدة الامريكية --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- ABSh --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- ABŞ --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Forente stater --- Spojené staty americké --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Zʹi︠e︡dnani Derz︠h︡avy Ameryky --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Yhdysvallat --- Verenigde Staten --- Egyesült Államok --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Estados Unidos de América --- United States of America --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- SShA --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- VSA --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Estados Unidos --- EE.UU. --- Stany Zjednoczone --- ĒPA --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- ZSA --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mei guo --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- U.S. --- America (Republic) --- Amirika Carékat --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- VS --- ولايات المتحدة --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- ولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- Istadus Unidus --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Bí-kok --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- AQSh --- Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі --- Zluchanyi︠a︡ Shtaty Ameryki --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- Yunaeted Stet --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- САЩ --- SASht --- Съединените щати --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Америка (Republic) --- Amerika (Republic) --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Америкӑри Пӗрлешӳллӗ Штатсем --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Stati Uniti --- SUA (Stati Uniti d'America) --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Η.Π.Α. --- Ē.P.A. --- Usono --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi︠a︡vks Shtattnė --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- FS --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Stâts Unîts --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- S.U.A. --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- Mî-koet --- 미국 --- Miguk --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- 316.442 --- Economisch beleid --- Verband tussen de geld-, bank- en kredietpolitiek en de besparingen, kapitaalvorming, verdeling van vermogens --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid --- United States - Social conditions - 21st century --- United States - Economic conditions - 21st century --- Income distribution - Social aspects - United States --- Equality - United States
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