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The report uses a theoretical model of a typical drainage basin, but the approach could be applied to many of the drainage basins managed by the holding company for water and wastewater in Egypt. This study set out to assess the relative health impacts of different wastewater management strategies on health in the Nile delta region using an approach similar to that used in the Ghana. The ultimate objective was to develop a framework for long-term investment planning based on monitoring of health and productivity impacts of proposed Bank operations which could be included in project Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) systems. This will equip task teams to assess the risks and opportunities which arise due to the proposed shift from on-site to networked sanitation in four governorates where the Bank has wastewater operations. A secondary objective was to assess the extent to which existing legislation supports health riskbased planning. The conclusions of the study provide an indication of how such methods could increasingly be used to enable the selection of cost-effective and appropriate wastewater management strategies.

Aquaculture --- Canals --- Clean Water --- Drainage --- Engineering --- Epidemiology --- Groundwater --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Latrines --- Morbidity --- Mortality --- Sanitation --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water Resources --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Workers

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The health equity and financial protection datasheets provide a picture of equity and financial protection in the health sectors of low-and middle-income countries. Topics covered include: inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. The tables in this report show how health outcomes, risky behaviors and health care utilization vary across asset (wealth) quintiles and periods. The quintiles are based on an asset index constructed using principal components analysis. Benefit-Incidence Analysis (BIA) shows whether, and by how much, government health expenditure disproportionately benefits the poor. The distribution of subsidies depends on the assumptions made to allocate subsidies to households. Under the constant unit cost assumption, each unit of utilization is assumed to cost the same and is equal to total costs incurred in delivering this type of service divided by the number of units of utilization.

Breast Cancer --- Cervical Cancer --- Child Health --- Diabetes --- Diarrhea --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Gender --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Income --- Household Surveys --- Infant Mortality --- Living Standards --- Malaria --- Measles --- Mortality --- Obesity --- Polio --- Poverty Reduction --- Purchasing Power --- Purchasing Power Parity --- Tuberculosis --- User Fees --- Violence

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The health equity and financial protection datasheets provide a picture of equity and financial protection in the health sectors of low-and middle-income countries. Topics covered include: inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. The tables in this report show how health outcomes, risky behaviors and health care utilization vary across asset (wealth) quintiles and periods. The quintiles are based on an asset index constructed using principal components analysis. Benefit-Incidence Analysis (BIA) shows whether, and by how much, government health expenditure disproportionately benefits the poor. The distribution of subsidies depends on the assumptions made to allocate subsidies to households. Under the constant unit cost assumption, each unit of utilization is assumed to cost the same and is equal to total costs incurred in delivering this type of service divided by the number of units of utilization.

Breast Cancer --- Cervical Cancer --- Child Health --- Diabetes --- Diarrhea --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Gender --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Household Income --- Infant Mortality --- Living Standards --- Malaria --- Measles --- Mortality --- Obesity --- Polio --- Population Policies --- Tuberculosis --- Violence

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This is a first for Indonesia: Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) is the only household-targeted social assistance initiative to have designed randomized impact evaluation into the initial allocation of the program. This brings three major benefits for policymakers: 1) the evidence available for evaluating the impacts of the PKH program on household welfare is extensive and sound; 2) the program design and the impact analysis design have generated additional excitement, both nationally and internationally, about the program, its goals and social assistance initiatives in general; and 3) the results and underlying data will be made publicly available, which has already spurred interest in additional evaluations that will stock the shelves of social assistance policy research libraries. PKH's success in delivering real benefits to the very poor and in changing behaviors deserves further support and encouragement. PKH's initial weaknesses in implementation and delivery deserve continuing attention and thoughtful solutions for greater effectiveness. The Government of Indonesia (GOI) plans on expanding the PKH program to as many as three million households; while it is doing so, it should continue to refine implementation, coordinate and collaborate with affiliated service providers in health, education, and local government services, and continue developing a corps of organized, enthusiastic, and skilled facilitators who can assist very poor households in achieving healthier behaviors.

Breastfeeding --- Child Labor --- Civil Society Organizations --- Communities --- Decentralization --- Economic Development --- Economies of Scale --- Empowerment --- Financial Crisis --- Health Education --- Health Insurance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Housing --- Human Capital --- Human Resources --- Inflation --- Information Technology --- Mortality --- Nurses --- Nutrition --- Postnatal Care --- Poverty Reduction --- Pregnancy --- Public Health --- Public Sector Development --- Purchasing Power --- Quality of Education --- Revenue Sharing --- Sanitation --- Scholarships --- Social Insurance --- Social Protections & Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor --- Social Safety Nets --- Urban Areas --- Vulnerable Groups --- Youth

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This report analyzes equity and financial protection in the health sector of Zambia. In particular, it examines inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. Data are drawn from the 2007 Zambia demographic and health survey, the 2006 Zambia living conditions monitoring survey, the 2003 Zambia world health survey and the 2003 Zambia national health accounts. All analyses are conducted using original survey data and employ the health modules of the ADePT software. Overall, health care financing in Zambia in 2006 was fairly progressive, id est the better-off spent a larger fraction of their consumption on health care than the poor. The financing sources that contribute to the overall progressivity of health care finance are general taxation, which finances 42 per cent of domestic spending on health, and contributions made by private employers, which finance 9 per cent of spending. An additional contribution to overall progressivity is made through pre-payment mechanisms, but this remains fairly limited given that they only represent 1 per cent of total health finance. Out-of-pocket health payments, which account for 47 per cent of total health financing, appear to be proportional to income, with only slight and not statistically significant evidence of progressivity.

Breast Cancer --- Cervical Cancer --- Child Health --- Cost-Effectiveness --- Diabetes --- Diarrhea --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Doctors --- Employment --- Gender --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Finance --- Health Insurance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hiv/Aids --- Hospitals --- Human Resources --- Infant Mortality --- International Comparisons --- Living Standards --- Malaria --- Measles --- Mortality --- Nutrition --- Obesity --- Physicians --- Polio --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Health Insurance --- Private Sector --- Public Health --- Public Hospitals --- Public Sector --- Social Health Insurance --- Social Insurance --- Specialists --- Tuberculosis --- Violence --- Workers