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Since 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) has launched numerous programs aimed at improving health conditions around the globe, ranging from efforts to eradicate smallpox to education programs about the health risks of smoking. In setting global health priorities and carrying out initiatives, the WHO bureaucracy has faced the challenge of reconciling the preferences of a small minority of wealthy nations, who fund the organization, with the demands of poorer member countries, who hold the majority of votes. In The World Health Organization between North and South, Nitsan Chorev shows how the WHO bureaucracy has succeeded not only in avoiding having its agenda co-opted by either coalition of member states but also in reaching a consensus that fit the bureaucracy's own principles and interests. Chorev assesses the response of the WHO bureaucracy to member-state pressure in two particularly contentious moments: when during the 1970's and early 1980's developing countries forcefully called for a more equal international economic order, and when in the 1990's the United States and other wealthy countries demanded international organizations adopt neoliberal economic reforms. In analyzing these two periods, Chorev demonstrates how strategic maneuvering made it possible for a vulnerable bureaucracy to preserve a relatively autonomous agenda, promote a consistent set of values, and protect its interests in the face of challenges from developing and developed countries alike.

Public health --- World health. --- Global health --- International health --- Medical geography --- International agencies --- Medical assistance --- Public health laws, International --- World health --- International cooperation. --- International cooperation --- World Health Organization. --- Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie --- World health organization

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World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim discussed the priorities for the World Bank under his new leadership, including the immediate priority to help developing countries maintain growth and progress against poverty in these volatile economic times. The lesson of the last decade is that progress is possible for everyone. A great deal remains to be done. He sees four major challenges. The first is protecting development gains against global economic risks. The second is broadening development to countries that are being left out, especially so-called fragile and conflict states. The third is ensuring that growth is sustainable. The fourth is demanding that growth be inclusive. To broaden its partnerships, the Bank is creating a Global Partnership for Social Accountability. The Bank will hold itself accountable to the people it serves so that it is judged by results, not just intentions. Kim fielded questions on the role of government in development, civil society, social safety nets in crises, environmental and social sustainability, new instruments for problems in the global commons, clean energy projects, knowledge management, and the role of China.

Accountability --- Accounting --- Aids --- Capital --- Child Mortality --- Children --- Civil Society Organizations --- Climate Change --- Credit --- Developing Countries --- Development Policy --- Economic Development --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Expenditures --- Family --- Fiscal Policy --- Health --- Health Outcomes --- Hospitals --- Income Inequality --- Inequality --- Information Technology --- Infrastructure --- International Cooperation --- International Finance --- Knowledge --- Land --- Loans --- Macroeconomics --- Maternal Mortality --- Mortality --- Natural Resources --- Physicians --- Public Sector Development --- Recession --- Remittances --- Respect --- Rule of Law --- Social Accountability --- Social Development --- Social Safety Nets --- Tuberculosis --- Unemployment --- Villages --- Weight --- Women --- Workers --- World Health Organization

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The Double Burden of Malnutrition (DBM) is the coexistence of both under nutrition and over nutrition in the same population across the life course. 'Across the life course' refers to the phenomenon that under nutrition early in life contributes to an increased propensity for over nutrition in adulthood. The DBM affects all countries, rich and poor, and is a particular concern in countries with high stunting rates. The consequences of the DBM are enormous; early life under nutrition is an underlying cause associated with about a third of young child deaths. Among the survivors who become stunted during the first two years of life, their capacity to resist disease, to carry out physical work, to study and progress in school, are all impaired across the life course. Later in the life course, diet and nutrition, and especially obesity, are important underlying causes of many Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), including hypertension, diabetes, cancer, stroke, and ischemic heart disease. The causes of the DBM are related to a series of changes occurring in the world called the nutrition transition, the demographic transition, and the epidemiological transition of countries. The variables associated with the nutrition transition and obesity epidemic can be grouped into four cross-cutting themes, which include: (i) the health/biological environment; (ii) the economic/food environment; (iii) the physical/built environment; and (iv) the socio/cultural environment. The solutions for the DBM problems are reasonably well recognized in each of its parts: under nutrition and over nutrition. However, the solutions have not been combined into an overarching policy and program framework, which together with raising awareness about the serious future implications for the low-and middle income countries is the aim of this paper.

Access to Health Services --- Agriculture --- Anemia --- Breastfeeding --- Cancer --- Child Development --- Child Mortality --- Climate Change --- Communicable Diseases --- Cooking --- Corn --- Deregulation --- Developed Countries --- Developing Countries --- Diabetes --- Diarrhea --- Economic Development --- Emissions --- Expenditures --- Fertility --- Food Consumption --- Food Processing --- Food Production --- Food Safety --- Food Security --- Food Subsidies --- Grains --- Green Revolution --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Capital --- Hunger --- Hygiene --- Industrialization --- Iodine Deficiency --- Maize --- Malaria --- Malnutrition --- Measles --- Millennium Development Goals --- Morbidity --- Mortality --- Nurses --- Nutrition --- Nutrition Programs --- Obesity --- Pesticides --- Physicians --- Population Growth --- Pregnancy --- Public Health --- Research Agenda --- Rice --- Sanitation --- Staple Foods --- Technical Assistance --- Tolerance --- Urban Areas --- Urbanization --- Wages --- Wheat --- World Health Organization

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In Africa, urban outdoor air pollution is responsible for an estimated 49,000 premature deaths annually with indoor use of solid fuels being responsible for eight times this value, the main burden being borne by Sub Saharan African countries. Air pollution, outdoor and indoor, affects the health and life chances of millions of people in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA)every day. There is a link between air pollution and poverty since poor people are exposed to higher concentrations of air pollutants and tend to suffer disproportionately from the effects of deteriorating air quality (AQ). Children in cities exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants will more often develop respiratory ailments which prevent them from developing and learning well. As a consequence they will suffer in adult life from low levels of qualifications and skills. The implication of poorly educated children is not only a reduction of quality of their lives but also an obstacle for the economic development of a country as a whole. Rapid urbanization means increase in motorization and economic activity which in turn leads to increased air pollution if countermeasures are not taken. In view these linkages addressing urban AQ in SSA is particularly important. Air pollution in Sub Saharan cities appears to be on the rise with respect to many key pollutants. In some cities where monitoring has been performed levels of air pollution exceed World Health Organization recommended guidelines. The main cause of urban air pollution is the use of fossil fuels in transport, power generation, industry and domestic sectors. In addition, the burning of firewood, agricultural and animal waste also contributes to pollution levels. Pollutant emissions have direct and indirect effects with a wide range of impacts on human health, ecosystems, agriculture and materials. There is a growing need to determine the state of urban AQ and the challenges posed to solve it and identify the most effective measures to protect human health and the environment. Learning from experience and successes in urban AQ management (AQM) from other countries can assists in the formulation and implementation of strategies to achieve better AQ in Sub Saharan Africa. This report compiles the information provided by the 25countries in a harmonized way and gives an in-depth review of AQ in SSA with AQ profile of each country, presenting the country's main current urban AQ issues, emissions standards, ongoing projects, lessons learned from good/bad practices. It was attempted to compile this information also for additional SSA countries from available publications and internet sources.

Aerosols --- Air Pollution --- Air Quality --- Air Quality & Clean Air --- Audits --- Automobiles --- Clean Air --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Coal --- Cost-Benefit analysis --- Desertification --- Developed Countries --- Economic Development --- Emissions --- Energy Consumption --- Energy Production --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Fossil Fuels --- Fuels --- Greenhouse Gases --- Industrial Emissions --- Landfills --- Methane --- Montreal Protocol --- Nitrogen Dioxide --- Ozone Depletion --- Particulate Matter --- Pesticides --- Petroleum Products --- Population Growth --- Power Plants --- Precipitation --- Public Health --- Roads --- Stationary Sources --- Temperature --- Transparency --- Transport --- United Nations Environment Programme --- Urban Areas --- Urban Development --- Urban Environment --- Vehicle Emissions --- Vehicles --- Waste Management --- World Health Organization

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Seventy percent of West Bank and Gaza's population is under the age of 30, and their share will continue to grow in the years ahead. The aspirations and ambitions of this large and growing population of children and youth have the potential to define the future of the West Bank and Gaza. This assessment seeks to contribute to the understanding of factors driving the choices of young men and women at this critical juncture of their lives, with a particular emphasis on the roles that changing gender norms and the conflict environment are having on their aspirations for education, jobs, and forming families. Young Palestinians are moving into adulthood in a world surrounded by roadblocks and barriers, and gripped by soaring unemployment and uncertainty about what their futures may hold. Still, this generation remains optimistic and ambitious. They are pursuing high school and college degrees, and hanging on to expectations for better jobs and better lives than was possible for their parent's generation. In the face of such bleak prospects, why? What is driving these youth's aspirations for high levels of education and good jobs? To provide a broad context for the youth's testimonies, this report first takes stock of developments affecting the West Bank and Gaza over the past decade. In this period, the Palestinian territories witnessed two major episodes of conflict: the second intifada beginning in 2000 and the crisis in Gaza in 2007. Both episodes had severe and wide-ranging economic repercussions, and were accompanied by restrictions on internal and external mobility of people and goods. As a result, in the last decade, the West Bank and Gaza has witnessed economic volatility without parallel (even in comparison to countries affected by large financial crises), massive spikes in poverty, and some of the highest rates of unemployment in the world. Young people's unemployment rates are even higher, and much more so for young women. The youth's focus groups indicate that traditional gender norms remain very strong in their society, and mainly seem to be reinforced by the difficult conflict environment. Men's status as the breadwinners means that boys, especially from poor families, are likely to withdraw from school sooner than girls in order to take up income earning roles; and the weak economy intensifies these pressures.

Adolescent Health --- Adolescents --- Armed Forces --- Child Labor --- Crime --- Discrimination --- Drugs --- Early Childhood --- Economic Opportunities --- Education --- Education For All --- Employment Opportunities --- Family Planning --- Family Planning Research --- Females --- Fertility --- Fertility Rates --- Gender --- Gender and Economics --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Job Creation --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Life Expectancy --- Literacy --- Maternal Health --- Measles --- Nutrition --- Other Social Protection and Risk Management --- Poverty Monitoring & analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Poverty Strategy, analysis and Monitoring --- Prenatal Care --- Productivity --- Refugees --- Respect --- Sanctions --- Schools --- Self-Confidence --- Sexual Harassment --- Social Development --- Social Norms --- Social Protection and Risk Management --- Social Protections and Labor --- Social Safety Nets --- Tetanus --- Tuberculosis --- Unemployment --- United Nations --- Urban Areas --- Wages --- World Health Organization --- Youth