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Age discrimination in employment --- Burden of proof --- Law and legislation --- United States.

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A bank's interest expenses rise with its degree of internationalization, measured by its share of foreign liabilities in total liabilities or a Herfindahl index of international liability concentration, especially if the bank is performing badly. The results in this paper suggest that an international bank's cost of funds raised through a foreign subsidiary is 1.5-2.4 percent higher than the cost of funds for a purely domestic bank. That is a sizeable difference, given that the overall mean cost of funds is 3.3 percent. These results can be explained by limited incentives for national authorities to bail out an international bank, as well as an inefficient recovery and resolution process for international banks. In any event, a less reliable financial safety net appears to be a barrier to cross-border banking.

Access to Finance --- Bank bailouts --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Cross-border banking --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- International burden sharing --- Private Sector Development

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The health equity and financial protection reports are short country-specific volumes that provide a picture of equity and financial protection in the health sectors of low-and middle-income countries. Topics covered include: inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. Pakistan's government is committed to improving the equity of health outcomes and the ability to offer financial protection in the health sector through the implementation of the National Health Policy. Pakistan spends 2.62 per cent (2009) of its gross domestic product (GDP) on health. This is far lower than the average spending levels in other countries in the South Asia Region, which have spent an average of 5.3 per cent (2009) of their GDP on health.

Breast Cancer --- Burden of Disease --- Cervical Cancer --- Child Health --- Communicable Diseases --- Diabetes --- Diarrhea --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Economies of Scale --- Gender --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Insurance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Policy --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Infant Mortality --- Insurance --- International Comparisons --- Living Standards --- Malaria --- Measles --- Mental Health --- Mortality --- Nutrition --- Obesity --- Physicians --- Polio --- Population Policies --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector --- Public Health --- Public Hospitals --- Social Insurance --- Specialists --- Tuberculosis --- Violence

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The health equity and financial protection reports are short country-specific volumes that provide a picture of equity and financial protection in the health sectors of low-and middle-income countries. Topics covered include: inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. Malawi's government is committed to improving equity and financial protection in the health sector. Equity is explicitly mentioned as one of the four objectives in the Health Sector Strategic Plan (HSSP). The overall objective of the HSSP is to contribute towards Malawi's attainment of the health and related millennium development goals. The specific objectives of the HSSP are, therefore, to: 1) increase coverage of the high quality Essential Health Package (EHP) services; 2) reduce risk factors to health; 3) improve equity and efficiency in the delivery of quality EHP services; and 4) strengthen the performance of the health system to support delivery of EHP services. Malawi spends 6.2 per cent (2009) of its gross domestic product (GDP) on health. This is similar to the average spending in other lower income countries in Africa, which have spent an average of 6.5 per cent (2009) of their GDP on health. The central Ministry of health is responsible for the development and enforcement of health policy, regulation of the health sector, creation of standards and norms, allocation and management of resources, provision of technical support, coordination, and monitoring and evaluation.

Breast Cancer --- Burden of Disease --- Cervical Cancer --- Child Health --- Diabetes --- Diarrhea --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Gender --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Insurance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Policy --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Infant Mortality --- Insurance --- International Comparisons --- Living Standards --- Malaria --- Measles --- Mortality --- Mosquito Nets --- Nutrition --- Obesity --- Physicians --- Polio --- Population Policies --- Poverty Reduction --- Public Health --- Public Hospitals --- Safe Sex --- Social Insurance --- Specialists --- Tuberculosis --- Violence

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Jamaica is a Caribbean country that has initiated comprehensive programs to address Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). The government created the National Health Fund (NHF) to reduce the cost of treatment of NCDs and finance some prevention programs. The main objective of this study is to learn from Jamaica's experience in tackling major NCDs and related risk factors, to provide policy options for Jamaica to improve its NCD programs and to share with other countries the lessons learned from its experience. The study attempts to answer three questions: a) whether the NHF and its drug subsidy program have reduced out-of-pocket spending on NCDs; b) whether access to treatment of NCDs has improved; and c) what the economic burden on NCD patients and their families is. The report presents an overall picture of the epidemiological and demographic transitions in Jamaica, its current burden of NCDs, and the change in the trend of NCDs in the past decade, using publicly available data, particularly data from the Jamaica living condition household surveys. It assesses the risk factors and analyzes Jamaica's response to NCDs with emphasis on the impact of the NHF on people's lives. Estimates of the economic burden of NCDs are provided and policy options to improve Jamaica's NCD programs are suggested. This study focuses on Jamaica's experience in addressing major NCDs and their related risk factors with the objective of learning from Jamaica and providing policy options to Jamaica to improve its programs.

Access to Health Services --- Adolescent Health --- Adolescents --- Air Pollution --- Breast Cancer --- Burden of Disease --- Cardiovascular Disease --- Civil Society Organizations --- Colon Cancer --- Dependency Ratio --- Developing Countries --- Diabetes --- Disasters --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Drugs --- Educational Attainment --- Females --- Fertility --- Food Production --- Gender --- Gross Domestic Product --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Policy --- Health Policy and Management --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hiv/Aids --- Household Income --- Household Surveys --- Human Capital --- Hygiene --- Infant Mortality --- Injuries --- Life Expectancy --- Living Standards --- Marijuana --- Marketing --- Morbidity --- Mortality --- Noncommunicable Diseases --- Nutrition --- Obesity --- Pharmaceuticals --- Population Growth --- Public Health --- Public Policy --- Quality Assurance --- Respect --- Sanitation --- Social Networks --- Technical Assistance --- Treatment --- Tuberculosis --- Unemployment --- Urbanization --- Violence --- World Health Organization