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Literal meaning is what a text means in itself, regardless of what its author intends to convey or the reader understands to be its message. The idea of literal meaning, together with insights from modern semantic and pragmatic philosophers, informs this reading of Islamic legal hermeneutics. Robert Gleave explores various competing notions of literal meaning, linked to both theological doctrine and historical developments. The idea of a text's literal meaning that rules over human attempts to understand God's message has become an element in discussions about who has the authority to interpre

Islamic law --- Droit islamique --- Interpretation and construction. --- Interprétation --- Qurʼan --- Hermeneutics --- Hermeneutics. --- Uṣūl al-fiqh (Islamic law) --- Uṣūl al-Fiqh --- Koran

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Doelstelling: Een inventaris opstellen van metaforen in Spaanse en Vlaamse krantenartikels over de US Open 2011, en deze indelen in semantische velden. De bedoeling is de verhouding te vergelijken tussen de drie belangrijkste semantische velden in tennis met de verhouding ervan in het wielrennen. Middelen of methode: In het theoretische deel beschrijven we eerst de verschillende visies op de term 'metafoor' door onder meer de theorieën van Black (1962), Lakoff en Johnson (1980) en Kittay (1987) te bespreken. Daarna behandelen we enkele onderzoeken en theorieën over het gebruik van metaforen in de sportjournalistiek zoals Van der Spek (1993) en Schmidt (2004). In het praktische deel inventariseren we metaforen in krantenartikels over de US Open 2011 door ze in te delen in semantische velden, waarvan de drie belangrijkste grondig geanalyseerd worden. Vervolgens onderzoeken we het corpus van Martin (2010) dat artikels bevat over de Ronde van Spanje 2009. Hiervan inventariseren we enkel de metaforen die ook tot die drie belangrijkste semantische velden in het tennis behoren. Zo kunnen we ten slotte de verhouding tussen die drie velden vergelijken in tennis en wielrennen. Resultaten: Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat metaforen in tennisverslaggeving vooral behoren tot de semantische velden van kunst, route/weg/snelle voertuigen en oorlog. In vergelijking met het wielrennen valt het op dat er in tennis in het algemeen relatief meer kunst- en routemetaforen worden gebruikt. In het wielrennen zijn er dan weer duidelijk relatief meer oorlogsmetaforen aanwezig.

Metaforen. --- Nederlands. --- Semantische velden. --- Spaans. --- Sportjournalistiek. --- Tennis. --- US Open 2011. --- Wielrennen.

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Publié à l'occasion de l'exposition Edward Hopper, au Grand Palais du 10 octobre 2012 au 28 janvier 2013. L'oeuvre d'Edward Hopper (1882 - 1967) s'est imposée comme un passage central de la peinture américaine du XXe siècle. Très connue du public, c'est pourtant la première fois qu'une exposition lui est consacrée à Paris. En rupture avec l'académisme dominant, l'artiste a fondé un réalisme moderne, revendiquant la nécessité de s'ancrer dans une tradition américaine, émancipée de l'influence française. Après trois voyages à Paris et en Europe en 1906 - 1910 où il subit l'influence des impressionnistes, du photographe Atget... il s'installe à Greenwich Village. Il entre dans les collections du MOMA et du Whitney Museum dès 1930 et connaît sa première rétrospective au MOMA en 1933. Le catalogue révèle les différentes techniques et les diverses influences qui ont permis à Edward Hopper de conquérir graduellement son style et son iconographie, avec notamment son travail d'illustrateur, sa découverte de la gravure, de l'aquarelle. L'ouvrage étudie enfin sa postérité et l'influence qu'il a pu jouer à son tour sur le monde de l'art, de la peinture, du cinéma et de la photographie. Peintre de l'incommunicabilité entre les êtres et de l'aliénation moderne, c'est véritablement son travail sur la lumière comme spiritualité muette qui fait de Hopper un artiste majeur.

Hopper, Edward --- Hopper, Edward, --- Hopper, Edward, - 1882-1967 --- Hopper, Edward. --- US painting and drawing - 20th century - Exhibition.

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A classic story of a young man's journey to adulthood, The Boy of Battle Ford covers Blackman's years growing up in early post-settlement Illinois, where he gave in to temptations such as drinking, gambling, and the lure of prostitutes before joining the army, finding God and becoming a preacher. Blackman, who notes that he is determined to "write facts" in this book, peppers his story with the sordid details of the sinful times of his life as well as with discussions of faith and of struggling to understand his God and his beliefs.

Blackman, W. S. --- Blackman, William S., --- United States. --- Illinois Infantry, 120th Regiment (1862-1865) --- U.S. Army --- US Army --- Military life. --- Illinois --- United States --- History

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This research estimates the impact of macroeconomic fluctuations on import protection policies over 1988:Q1-2010:Q4 for the United States, European Union, and three other industrialized economies. First, estimates on a pre-Great Recession sample provide evidence of three key relationships for the US and EU. Increases in domestic unemployment rates and real appreciations in bilateral exchange rates led to substantial increases in antidumping and related forms of import protection. Furthermore, economies historically imposed these bilateral import restrictions on trading partners going through their own periods of weak economic growth. Second, estimates from the pre-Great Recession model predict a major trade policy response during 2008:Q4-2010:Q4, given the realized macroeconomic shocks. New US and EU trade barriers were projected to cover up to an additional 15 percentage points of nonoil imports, well above the baseline level of 2-3 percent of import coverage immediately preceding the crisis. Third, re-estimating the model on data from the Great Recession period illustrates why the realized trade policy response differed from model predictions based on historical data. While exchange rate movements played an important role in limiting new import protection, the US and EU also "switched" from their historical behavior during the Great Recession and shifted new import protection toward trading partners experiencing economic growth and away from those that were contracting.

Antidumping --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Economic Theory & Research --- Free Trade --- International Economics & Trade --- Safeguards --- Temporary trade barriers --- Trade Law --- Trade Policy --- Australia --- Canada --- South Korea --- US