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The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) revolutionized the study of language, signs, and discourse in the twentieth century. He successfully reconstructed the proto-Indo-European vowel system, advanced a conception of language as a system of arbitrary signs made meaningful through kinetic interrelationships, and developed a theory of the anagram so profound it gave rise to poststructural literary criticism.The roots of these disparate, even contradictory achievements lie in the thought of Early German Romanticism, which Saussure consulted for its insight into the nature of meaning and discourse. Conducting the first comprehensive analysis of Saussure's intellectual heritage, Boris Gasparov links Sassurean notions of cognition, language, and history to early Romantic theories of cognition and the transmission of cultural memory. In particular, several fundamental categories of Saussure's philosophy of language, such as the differential nature of language, the mutability and immutability of semiotic values, and the duality of the signifier and the signified, are rooted in early Romantic theories of "progressive" cognition and child cognitive development. Consulting a wealth of sources only recently made available, Gasparov casts the seeming contradictions and paradoxes of Saussure's work as a genuine tension between the desire to bring linguistics and semiotics in line with modernist epistemology on the one hand, and Jena Romantics' awareness of language's dynamism and its transcendence of the boundaries of categorical reasoning on the other. Advancing a radical new understanding of Saussure, Gasparov reveals aspects of the intellectual's work previously overlooked by both his followers and his postmodern critics.

Linguistics --- Structural linguistics --- Semiotics. --- Philosophy. --- History. --- Saussure, Ferdinand de,

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Functionalism (Linguistics) --- Role and reference grammar --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Functional analysis (Linguistics) --- Functional grammar --- Functional linguistics --- Functional-structural analysis (Linguistics) --- Grammar, Functional --- Grammatical functions --- Linguistics --- Structural linguistics

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Philosophy of language --- Saussure, de, Ferdinand M. --- 82:1 --- Literatuur en filosofie --- 82:1 Literatuur en filosofie --- Saussure, de, Ferdinand --- Linguistics --- Semiotics --- Structural linguistics --- Semeiotics --- Semiology (Linguistics) --- Semantics --- Signs and symbols --- Structuralism (Literary analysis) --- History --- Philosophy --- Saussure, Ferdinand de, --- Sossi︠u︡r, Ferdinand de, --- Saussure, F. de --- De Saussure, Ferdinand, --- Soshwirŭ, Pʻerŭdinang dŭ, --- Suoxu'er, Feiernan De, --- דה סוסיר, פרדינן,

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Circles Disturbed brings together important thinkers in mathematics, history, and philosophy to explore the relationship between mathematics and narrative. The book's title recalls the last words of the great Greek mathematician Archimedes before he was slain by a Roman soldier--"Don't disturb my circles"--words that seem to refer to two radically different concerns: that of the practical person living in the concrete world of reality, and that of the theoretician lost in a world of abstraction. Stories and theorems are, in a sense, the natural languages of these two worlds--stories representing the way we act and interact, and theorems giving us pure thought, distilled from the hustle and bustle of reality. Yet, though the voices of stories and theorems seem totally different, they share profound connections and similarities. A book unlike any other, Circles Disturbed delves into topics such as the way in which historical and biographical narratives shape our understanding of mathematics and mathematicians, the development of "myths of origins" in mathematics, the structure and importance of mathematical dreams, the role of storytelling in the formation of mathematical intuitions, the ways mathematics helps us organize the way we think about narrative structure, and much more. In addition to the editors, the contributors are Amir Alexander, David Corfield, Peter Galison, Timothy Gowers, Michael Harris, David Herman, Federica La Nave, G.E.R. Lloyd, Uri Margolin, Colin McLarty, Jan Christoph Meister, Arkady Plotnitsky, and Bernard Teissier.

Mathematics --- Communication in mathematics. --- Math --- Science --- Language. --- History. --- Alasdair MacIntyre. --- Archimedes. --- Aristotle. --- Bleak House. --- Borel sets. --- Bourbaki. --- Carl Friedrich Gauss. --- David Hilbert. --- Emmy Noether. --- Enlightenment. --- G. E. R. Lloyd. --- Georg Cantor. --- Greece. --- Jean-Pierre Vernant. --- John Archibald Wheeler. --- K-ness. --- L'Algebra. --- Leo Perutz. --- Leopold Kronecker. --- Middlemarch. --- Paul Gordan. --- Plato. --- Rafael Bombelli. --- Robert Thomason. --- ThomasonДrobaugh article. --- Tom Trobaugh. --- abstraction. --- aesthetic contingency. --- algebra. --- automated theorem provers. --- axiomatic mathematics. --- belief. --- chiasmus. --- clues. --- cognitive meaning. --- compound machines. --- computational modeling. --- computer simulations. --- cubic equations. --- deductive mathematics. --- diagramma. --- dreams. --- energeia. --- epistemology. --- existential contingency. --- explanation. --- exploration mathematics. --- finiteness theorems. --- focalization. --- forensic rhetoric. --- formal models. --- geometry. --- ghost. --- ghostwriter. --- group. --- highest common factor. --- imaginary numbers. --- incommensurability. --- intuition. --- irony. --- literary narrative. --- literature. --- machine metaphor. --- mathematical argument. --- mathematical concepts. --- mathematical enquiry. --- mathematical line. --- mathematical modeling. --- mathematical models. --- mathematical objects. --- mathematical physics. --- mathematicians. --- mathematics. --- metanarratology. --- metaphor. --- myth. --- narrative analysis. --- narrative representation. --- narrative subjectivity. --- narrative. --- narratology. --- negative numbers. --- non-Euclidean epistemology. --- non-Euclidean geometry. --- non-Euclidean mathematics. --- non-Euclidean physics. --- non-Euclidean thinking. --- orthe. --- permutation groups. --- perspective. --- poetic storytelling. --- polynomial equations. --- proof. --- quantum mechanics. --- rational enquiry. --- rationality. --- reality. --- scientific inquiry. --- square roots. --- story generator algorithm. --- story grammars. --- story. --- storytelling. --- structural linguistics. --- symbols. --- theology. --- theorems. --- tragic mathematical heroes. --- truth. --- variste Galois. --- vestibular line. --- visions. --- visual line. --- vividness. --- Communication in mathematics