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Agriculture has made major contributions to China's economic growth and poverty reduction, but the literature has rarely focused on the institutional factors that might underpin such structural transformation and productivity. This paper aims to fill that gap. Drawing on an 8-year panel of 1,200 households in six key provinces, it explores the impact of government land reallocations and formal land-use certificates on agricultural productivity growth, as well as the likelihood of households to exit from agriculture or send family members to the non-farm sector. It finds that land tenure insecurity, measured by the history of past land reallocations, discourages households from quitting agriculture. The recognition of land rights through formal certificates encourages the temporary migration of rural labor. Both factors have a large impact on productivity (at about 30 percent each), mainly by encouraging market-based land transfers. A sustained increase in non-agricultural opportunities will likely reinforce the importance of secure land tenure, which is a precondition for successful structural transformation and continued economic attractiveness of rural areas.

Agricultural productivity --- Agriculture --- Allocative efficiency --- Economic Growth --- Economic Theory & Research --- Labor Policies --- Non-agricultural development --- Rural Development --- Rural Development Knowledge & Information Systems --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Structural change --- China

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Limited diversification is an underlying characteristic of many low-income countries (LICs). Concentration in sectors with limited scope for increases in productivity and quality may result in less broad-based and sustainable growth. Moreover, lack of diversification may increase exposure to adverse external shocks and macroeconomic instability. The SDN will have three objectives. First, to review and extend the evidence, from the existing literature and ongoing IMF work, that points to diversification as a crucial aspect of the development process. A major focus will be on cross-country and cross-regional differences in the pace of diversification. Second, to draw lessons from the experiences of those countries that have successfully diversified their economies. Third, to analyze the relationship between diversification, growth, and volatility.

Diversification in industry --- Industrial diversification --- Product diversification --- Input-output analysis --- Barriers to entry (Industrial organization) --- Multiproduct firms --- E-books --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Industries: Manufacturing --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- Trade: General --- Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change --- Industrial Price Indices --- Labor Economics: General --- Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- International economics --- Economic growth --- Labour --- income economics --- Manufacturing industries --- Exports --- Structural transformation --- Labor --- Manufacturing --- Personal income --- International trade --- Economic sectors --- National accounts --- Economic development --- Labor economics --- Income --- Malaysia