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Public expenditure --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- European law --- Economic law --- economisch recht --- Europees recht --- staatsfinanciën --- overheidssteun

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This book presents effective strategies for developing countries to leverage their public sector demand for manufactured imports to promote industrialization, trade, and technology transfer.  Technology transfer and its absorption is considered one of the most crucial and complicated challenges for developing countries, which are characterized by insufficient infrastructure, low technological intensity of the domestic capital stock, and high levels of manufactured imports.  Which strategies and policy tools can governments employ to link demand with technology transfer, thereby enhancing absorption capacity and development in emerging economies? This book is part of a broader project launched by PGlobal Global Advisory and Training Services Ltd., in cooperation with Istanbul Commerce University (Ä°TUCU) and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBÄ°TAK).  The contributors to this book are policymakers, academicians, and experts who are working together to identify problems and develop policy recommendations for public procurement with respect to economic development.  The book includes theoretical, empirical, and case study analyses of technology transfer mechanisms, public procurement policies, and countertrade and offset strategies.  The lessons learned from these chapters will be of interest to both academics and policymakers concerned with technology transfer, industrial policy, and economic development.

Public expenditure --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Economic conditions. Economic development --- Developing countries: economic development problems --- technologiebeleid --- economische politiek --- ontwikkelingssamenwerking --- Developing countries

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This paper analyzes the trends and evolution of public spending in the agriculture sector in Indonesia, as well as the impact of public spending on agricultural growth. It finds that, in line with empirical work undertaken in other countries, public spending on agriculture and irrigation during the period 1976-2006 had a positive impact on agricultural growth, while public spending on fertilizer subsidies had the opposite effect. The composition of spending patterns in Indonesia over the past decade can partly explain why significant increases in public spending for agriculture have not resulted in a commensurate increase of agricultural production. The paper is structured as follows. Section I presents analytical and empirical findings about the impact of overall public spending on growth, with a particular focus on Indonesia, followed by an analysis of the government's role in agriculture. More precisely, it discusses how public spending can contribute to higher productivity and faster growth in the sector. The section draws lessons from the empirical literature and country examples worldwide, exploring the implications of some of these findings in the Indonesia context. Section II presents the results of an empirical analysis of the impact of agriculture public spending on agriculture gross domestic product per capita growth in Indonesia, using time series analysis with both ordinary least squares and generalized method of moments econometric techniques. Section III analyzes in detail agriculture public spending trends in Indonesia over the period 2000-08, highlighting that a large and increasing share of the spending is being allocated to subsidies (fertilizer, credit, seeds) and to fund transfers to farmers and farmers' groups.

Agribusiness --- Agricultural growth --- Agricultural Research --- Agriculture --- Economic Theory & Research --- Fertilizer subsidies --- Irrigation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Reduction --- Public expenditure --- Public Sector Economics --- R&D --- Rural Development Knowledge & Information Systems

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This document reports on a Public Financial Management and Accountability Assessment (PFMAA) for the Federal Government of Pakistan (GoP). Measured against the six core Public Financial Management (PFM) objectives examined by the assessment, the assessment indicates that there have been improvements in some areas in recent years, which have served to improve general public financial management. The last PEFAA for the Federal Government was published in June 2009. Overall, the maximum number of indicators remained unchanged. As PFM concerns the efficiency and effectiveness of the use of public resources, the interdependence of the components of the budget cycle means that weaknesses in one part can adversely affect other parts thereby constraining the achievement of better budgetary outcomes; conversely, improvements in one area which are not matched by corresponding changes in other areas can undermine the initial reforms. The strengths and weaknesses of Pakistan's public financial management system found in the assessment have an impact on the three measures of budget effectiveness-aggregate fiscal discipline, allocates efficiency and efficient service delivery. The GoP has a continuing agenda of PFM reform. Current programs are focused on areas of weaknesses in PFM administration that have been identified by the GoP and development partners. Pakistan's prospects for reform implementation should be regarded as positive considering the impact of the reform programs so far which have made visible contributions in improving budgeting, reporting and external audit. The PEFA framework focuses on operational performance of the key elements of the PFM system based on evidence rather than on the inputs that enable the PFM system to reach a certain level of performance. The PFMAA assesses the extent to which the PFM system is an enabling factor for achieving budgetary outcomes at the three levels of aggregate fiscal discipline, strategic allocation of resources and efficient service delivery.

Accountability --- Commodity Prices --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Expenditures --- Fiduciary Risk --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Regulation & Supervision --- Fiscal Policy --- Governance --- Gross Domestic Product --- Income Tax --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Public Expenditure, Financial Management and Procurement --- Public Investment --- Public Procurement --- Public Sector --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Governance --- Public Sector Management and Reform --- Revenue Forecasting --- Sanitation --- Social Safety Nets --- Tax Administration --- Transparency

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Primary enrollment rates in Indonesia are near 100 percent for all students, but students from poor and vulnerable households have a difficult time completing higher levels of education. Poor households most often have heads of households with primary school education or lower while rates of illiteracy among households below the poverty line are approximately double that of non poor households. For the most recent cohort (with completed elementary and secondary education) less than 50 percent of those from poor households who enrolled in first grade made it to junior secondary and less than 20 percent made it to senior secondary (compared to 90 and over 75 percent, respectively, of those from the richest 20 percent of households who enrolled in first grade). Poor households also state that if higher education has to be rationed in their household because it is too expensive, it is more often male children who will be sent and female children kept back. The Bantuan Siswa Miskin (BSM) program, which provides cash transfers for school attendance, could provide the right solution for poor households facing rising costs and increased risk of low education. The BSM program provides transfers from central education agencies directly to students or schools in which students sit. The BSM program is actually 10 independently-run initiatives that together cover all levels of education (including vocational education) at secular and religious public schools. Unlike other household-based transfers, the BSM initiatives have neither a central coordinating unit nor a unified budget. Within each institution, separate units independently manage and execute initiatives for students from each level of schooling and for vocational education. The Kemenag-run BSM initiatives for university scholars are further fragmented by religious affiliation (of partner universities). In total, there are 10 BSM initiatives, each with its own manual, fund flow structure, and implementing procedures. There is little coordination between initiatives, even those located in the same institution. This note assesses the operation and implementation of the BSM program to determine how well poor households are served. It provides quantitative analysis of the coverage, incidence, and average benefit levels of BSM to determine both the progressivity of the program's targeting and the adequacy of benefit levels. Qualitative information on program delivery and program operations will also shed light on areas for reform. A review of the program's design and operating guidelines will offer enhancements to the program's effectiveness and relevance.

Access & Equity in Basic Education --- Access to Education --- Administrative and Civil Service Reform --- Child Labor --- Continuing Education --- Decentralization --- Education --- Education For All --- Employment --- Expenditures --- Higher Education --- Human Capital --- Kindergarten --- Poverty Reduction --- Poverty Strategy, analysis and Monitoring --- Primary Education --- Public Expenditure, Financial Management and Procurement --- Public Sector Governance --- Sanitation --- Scholarships --- School Attendance --- Schools --- Secondary Education --- Social Protection and Risk Management --- Social Safety Nets --- Social Skills --- Tertiary Education --- Universities --- Youth