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In der Metaethik gibt es eine Position, die behauptet, dass unsere moralische Praxis, wie wir sie derzeit ausüben, aus empirischen Gründen nicht gerechtfertigt werden kann. Der Hauptfehler dieser revisionistischen Argumentation liegt in ihrer Versteifung auf die Unterscheidung von bewussten und unbewussten Handlungen. Diese Studie argumentiert, dass für verantwortliches Handeln ein deskriptiver Kern von Verantwortung gegeben sein muss, der von dieser Unterscheidung unabhängig ist. Er besteht erstens aus einer Form von Autonomie, die verstanden wird als Handlungen, die das Kernselbst der Person ausdrücken. Und er besteht zweitens aus einer Form von rationaler Kontrolle, die verstanden wird als eine, die nicht allein relativ zu den eigenen Präferenzen der Person ist, sondern auch relativ zu objektiv geltenden Gründen - sie wird verstanden als orthonome Kontrolle. Die entscheidende Dichotomie für verantwortliches Handeln ist demnach vielmehr die zwischen aktiv und passiv, zwischen dynamisch und statisch. Weil Personen im Normalfall ihr Verhalten und ihren Charakter aktiv, flexibel und dynamisch ihren Umständen anpassen können, sind sie daher angemessene Verantwortungssubjekte.
Free will and determinism. --- Responsibility. --- Accountability --- Moral responsibility --- Obligation --- Ethics --- Supererogation --- Compatibilism --- Determinism and free will --- Determinism and indeterminism --- Free agency --- Freedom and determinism --- Freedom of the will --- Indeterminism --- Liberty of the will --- Determinism (Philosophy) --- General ethics
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Jsme plně svobodní, částečně, anebo je naše svoboda jenom zdánlivá, zatímco každý náš čin je okem řetězu příčin a důsledků? Otázka svobodné vůle zaměstnává teology, filozofy, psychology i právníky tisíce let. Není to pouhá hra s pojmy; z řešení problému svobodné vůle vyplývá právní a morální odpovědnost. Co je láska? Existuje jediná láska, existují dva nebo devět druhů lásky? Jsou všichni lidé na světě v podstatě stejní, nebo se lidé z dalekého Východu mohou hluboce lišit od lidí ze západního kulturního okruhu? Mnozí rozlišují rozměr bytí, kterému říkáme hloubka nebo přesah. Nacházejí ho v poezii, ve filozofii, v matematice, hudbě, v přírodě stejně jako v náboženské víře či meditaci. Co je hloubka neboli transcendence? A to nejtěžší nakonec: Co je čas? Liší se čas lidský od fyzikálního? Otázky, které se ještě před nedávnem zdály být nepřístupné vědeckému zkoumání a řešení. Vývoj sociální, kognitivní a afektivní neurovědy dokázal, že takto uchopitelné jsou. V jaké míře? Kam dospělo a kam směřuje současné poznání?
Neurosciences --- Neuropsychology. --- Free will and determinism. --- Love. --- Spirituality. --- Spiritual-mindedness --- Philosophy --- Religion --- Spiritual life --- Affection --- Emotions --- First loves --- Friendship --- Intimacy (Psychology) --- Compatibilism --- Determinism and free will --- Determinism and indeterminism --- Free agency --- Freedom and determinism --- Freedom of the will --- Indeterminism --- Liberty of the will --- Determinism (Philosophy) --- Neurophysiology --- Psychophysiology --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Social aspects.
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This book argues two main things: The first is that there is no such thing as free will-at least not in the sense most ordinary folk take to be central or fundamental; the second is that the strong and pervasive belief in free will can be accounted for through a careful analysis of our phenomenology and a proper theoretical understanding of consciousness.
Philosophical anthropology --- Theory of knowledge --- Free will and determinism. --- Consciousness. --- Phenomenology. --- Philosophy, Modern --- Apperception --- Mind and body --- Perception --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Spirit --- Self --- Compatibilism --- Determinism and free will --- Determinism and indeterminism --- Free agency --- Freedom and determinism --- Freedom of the will --- Indeterminism --- Liberty of the will --- Determinism (Philosophy)
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Free will and determinism. --- Liberty. --- Civil liberty --- Emancipation --- Freedom --- Liberation --- Personal liberty --- Democracy --- Natural law --- Political science --- Equality --- Libertarianism --- Social control --- Compatibilism --- Determinism and free will --- Determinism and indeterminism --- Free agency --- Freedom and determinism --- Freedom of the will --- Indeterminism --- Liberty of the will --- Determinism (Philosophy)
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Free will and determinism --- Responsibility --- Accountability --- Moral responsibility --- Obligation --- Ethics --- Supererogation --- Compatibilism --- Determinism and free will --- Determinism and indeterminism --- Free agency --- Freedom and determinism --- Freedom of the will --- Indeterminism --- Liberty of the will --- Determinism (Philosophy) --- Frankfurt, Harry G., --- פרנקפורט, הארי ג׳, --- Frankfurt, Harry Gordon, --- Free will and determinism. --- Responsibility. --- Frankfurt, Harry G.
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Law --- Hegel, Georg W.F. --- Hobbes, Thomas --- Free will and determinism --- Compatibilism --- Determinism and free will --- Determinism and indeterminism --- Free agency --- Freedom and determinism --- Freedom of the will --- Indeterminism --- Liberty of the will --- Determinism (Philosophy) --- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, --- Hobbes, Thomas, --- Hegel, Giorgio Guglielmo Frederico --- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich --- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. --- Hēgeru, --- Hei-ko-erh, --- Gegelʹ, Georg, --- Hījil, --- Khegel, --- Hegel, G. W. F. --- Hegel, --- Hei Ge Er, --- Chenkel, --- Hīghil, --- הגל, --- הגל, גאורג וילהלם פרידריך, --- הגל, גיאורג וילהלם פרידריך, --- הגל, ג.ו.פ, --- היגל, גורג ווילהלם פרדריך, --- היגל, גיורג וילהלם פרידריך, --- 黑格尔, --- Hegel, Guillermo Federico, --- Hegel, Jorge Guillermo Federico, --- Heyel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, --- Higil, Gʼūrg Vīlhim Frīdrīsh, --- هگل, --- هگل، گئورگ ويلهم فريدريش, --- Gobbs, Tomas, --- Hobbs, Thomas, --- Gobbes, Tomas, --- T. H. --- H., T. --- Hobs, Thomas, --- Hobbes, --- Hobbes, Thom. --- Hobbius, Thomas, --- Hobbuzu, Tomasu, --- Huobusi, --- Hobbs, Tho. --- הובס, תומס, --- 霍布斯, --- ホッブズ, トマス,
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Fate and fatalism. --- Free will and determinism. --- Destin et fatalisme --- Libre arbitre et déterminisme --- Cicero, Marcus Tullius. --- Cicero, Marcus Tullius --- Philosophy. --- Libre arbitre et déterminisme --- Fate and fatalism --- Free will and determinism --- Compatibilism --- Determinism and free will --- Determinism and indeterminism --- Free agency --- Freedom and determinism --- Freedom of the will --- Indeterminism --- Liberty of the will --- Determinism (Philosophy) --- Destiny --- Fatalism --- Fortune --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Cicero --- Cicerone, M. T. --- Cicéron, Marcus --- M. Tulli Ciceronis --- T︠S︡it︠s︡eron, Mark Tulliĭ --- Cyceron --- Cicéron --- Kikerōn --- Cicerón, M. Tulio --- Ḳiḳero --- Cicerone --- Cicerón, Marco Tulio --- Ḳiḳero, Marḳus Ṭulyus --- Tullius Cicero, Marcus --- Kikerōn, M. T. --- Cicerone, M. Tullio --- Cicero, M. T. --- Cyceron, Marek Tulliusz --- ציצרון, מארקוס טולליוס --- קיקרו, מארקוס טוליוס --- קיקרו, מרקוס טוליוס --- キケロ --- 西塞罗 --- Cicéron (0106-0043 av. J.-C.).
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Chance. --- Probabilities. --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Free will and determinism. --- Hasard --- Probabilités --- Nécessité (Philosophie) --- Libre arbitre et déterminisme --- Aristotle. --- Chance --- Free will and determinism --- Probabilities --- Probability --- Statistical inference --- Combinations --- Mathematics --- Least squares --- Mathematical statistics --- Risk --- Causation --- Fate and fatalism --- Ontology --- Teleology --- Truth --- Compatibilism --- Determinism and free will --- Determinism and indeterminism --- Free agency --- Freedom and determinism --- Freedom of the will --- Indeterminism --- Liberty of the will --- Determinism (Philosophy) --- Fortune --- Aristoteles --- Aristote --- Aristotle --- Aristotile --- Aristoteles. --- Arisṭāṭṭil --- Aristo, --- Aristotel --- Aristotele --- Aristóteles, --- Aristòtil --- Arisṭū --- Arisṭūṭālīs --- Arisutoteresu --- Arystoteles --- Ya-li-shih-to-te --- Ya-li-ssu-to-te --- Yalishiduode --- Yalisiduode --- Ἀριστοτέλης --- Αριστοτέλης --- Аристотел --- ארסטו --- אריםטו --- אריסטו --- אריסטוטלס --- אריסטוטלוס --- אריסטוטליס --- أرسطاطاليس --- أرسططاليس --- أرسطو --- أرسطوطالس --- أرسطوطاليس --- ابن رشد --- اريسطو --- Pseudo Aristotele --- Pseudo-Aristotle --- アリストテレス
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The doctrine on grace, one of the most discussed themes in his later years, was regarded by Augustine as the very core of Christianity. This book traces the gradual crystallisation of this teaching, including its unacceptable consequences (such as double predestination, inherited guilt which deserves eternal punishment, and its transmission through libidinous procreation). How did the reader of Cicero and “the books of the Platonists” reach the ideas that appear in his polemic against Julian (and which remind one of Freud rather than the Stoics or Plotinus)? That is the point of departure of this book. It surely cannot be expected that there is a definite answer to the question; rather, the aim is to follow and understand the development.
Grace (Theology) --- Free will and determinism --- Biblical teaching --- History of doctrines --- Religious aspects --- Christianity --- Augustine, --- 276 =71 AUGUSTINUS:234 --- Compatibilism --- Determinism and free will --- Determinism and indeterminism --- Free agency --- Freedom and determinism --- Freedom of the will --- Indeterminism --- Liberty of the will --- Determinism (Philosophy) --- Salvation --- Law and gospel --- Biblical teaching. --- Latijnse patrologie-:-Soteriologie. Heilsleer. Genade. Geloof--AUGUSTINUS --- Avgustin, Blazhennyĭ, --- Augustinus, Aurelius, --- Augustyn, --- Augustin, --- Ughasṭīnūs, --- Agostino, --- Agustí, --- Augoustinos, --- Agostino di Tagaste, --- Aurelius Augustinus, --- Augustinus, --- Agostino d'Ippona, --- Agustín, --- Aurelio Agostino, --- Episkopos Ippōnos Augoustinos --- Augoustinos Ipponos --- Agostinho, --- Aurelli Augustini, --- Augustini, Aurelli, --- Aurelii Augustini, --- Augustini, Aurelii, --- Ōgostinos, --- Agostino, Aurelio, --- אוגוסטינוס הקדוש --- أغسطينوس، --- 奥古斯丁 --- Agustín de Hipona --- San Agustín --- Augustin d'Hippone --- Pseudo-Augustinus --- Episkopos Ippōnos Augoustinos, --- Augoustinos Ipponos, --- Avgustin, --- Augustinus, Aurelius --- Agostinho --- Augustine of Hippo --- Augustine d'Hippone --- Agostino d'Ippona --- Augustinus Hipponensis, sanctus --- Sant'Agostino --- Augustinus van Hippo --- Aurelius Augustinus --- Aurelio Agostino --- 聖アウグスティヌス --- アウグスティヌス --- Augustine --- Grace (Theology) - Biblical teaching --- Grace (Theology) - History of doctrines - Early church, ca. 30-600 --- Free will and determinism - Religious aspects - Christianity - History of doctrines - Early church, ca 30-600 --- Augustine, - Saint, Bishop of Hippo
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Grace (Theology) --- Free will and determinism --- History of doctrines --- Religious aspects --- Christianity --- Augustine, --- Anselm, --- 234.115 --- 276 =71 AUGUSTINUS:234 --- 2 ANSELMUS CANTUARIENSIS --- #GBIB: jesuitica --- Genade: in betrekking met vrije wil --- Latijnse patrologie-:-Soteriologie. Heilsleer. Genade. Geloof--AUGUSTINUS --- Godsdienst. Theologie--ANSELMUS CANTUARIENSIS --- 2 ANSELMUS CANTUARIENSIS Godsdienst. Theologie--ANSELMUS CANTUARIENSIS --- 234.115 Genade: in betrekking met vrije wil --- Compatibilism --- Determinism and free will --- Determinism and indeterminism --- Free agency --- Freedom and determinism --- Freedom of the will --- Indeterminism --- Liberty of the will --- Determinism (Philosophy) --- Religious aspects&delete& --- Christianity&delete& --- Avgustin, Blazhennyĭ, --- Augustinus, Aurelius, --- Augustyn, --- Augustin, --- Ughasṭīnūs, --- Agostino, --- Agustí, --- Augoustinos, --- Aurelius Augustinus, --- Augustinus, --- Agustín, --- Aurelio Agostino, --- Episkopos Ippōnos Augoustinos, --- Augoustinos Ipponos, --- Agostinho, --- Aurelli Augustini, --- Augustini, Aurelli, --- Aurelii Augustini, --- Augustini, Aurelii, --- Ōgostinos, --- Agostino, Aurelio, --- אוגוסטינוס הקדוש --- أغسطينوس، --- 奥古斯丁 --- Anselmus, --- Anzelm, --- Anselmo, --- Anselme, --- Ansèlm, --- Anshelmus, --- Anselm --- Anselmus Cantuariensis --- Anselme d'Aoste --- Anselme de Cantorbéry --- Anselmus van Canterbury --- Anselm of Canterbury --- Anselmus --- Avgustin, --- Augustinus, Aurelius --- Agostinho --- Augustine of Hippo --- Augustine d'Hippone --- Agostino d'Ippona --- Augustin d'Hippone --- Augustinus Hipponensis, sanctus --- Sant'Agostino --- Augustinus van Hippo --- Aurelius Augustinus --- Aurelio Agostino --- 聖アウグスティヌス --- アウグスティヌス --- Augustine --- Grace (Theology) - History of doctrines --- Free will and determinism - Religious aspects - Christianity - History of doctrines --- Augustine, - Saint, Bishop of Hippo --- Anselm, - Saint, Archbishop of Canterbury, - 1033-1109
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