Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper investigates the optimal timing of greenhouse gas abatement efforts in a multi-sectoral model with economic inertia, each sector having a limited abatement potential. It defines economic inertia as the conjunction of technical inertia - a social planner chooses investment on persistent abating activities, as opposed to choosing abatement at each time period independently - and increasing marginal investment costs in abating activities. It shows that in the presence of economic inertia, optimal abatement efforts (in dollars per ton) are bell-shaped and trigger a transition toward a low-carbon economy. The authors prove that optimal marginal abatement costs should differ across sectors: they depend on the global carbon price, but also on sector-specific shadow costs of the sectoral abatement potential. The paper discusses the impact of the convexity of abatement investment costs: more rigid sectors are represented with more convex cost functions and should invest more in early abatement. The conclusion is that overlapping mitigation policies should not be discarded based on the argument that they set different marginal costs ('"different carbon prices"') in different sectors.

Climate Change Economics --- Climate change mitigation --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Energy and Environment --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- How-flexibility --- Inertia --- Optimal policies --- Optimal timing --- Overlapping policies --- Sectoral policies --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning --- When-flexibility

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Which strategies has Mel Brooks used to survive, adapt and thrive in the cultural industries? How has he gained his reputation as a multimedia survivor? Alex Symons takes a unique, artist-focused approach in order to systematically identify the range of Brooks's adaptation strategies across the Hollywood film, Broadway theatre and American television industries. By combining a cultural industries approach together with that of adaptation studies, this book also identifies an important new industrial practice employed by Brooks - defined here as 'prolonged adaptation'. More significantly, Symons also employs this method to explain the so far neglected way that Brooks's adaptations have contributed towards changing production trends, changes in critical attitudes, and towards the ongoing integration of the cultural industries today.

Actors --- Comedy. --- American wit and humor. --- American literature --- Comic literature --- Literature, Comic --- Drama --- Wit and humor --- Brooks, Mel, --- Brooks, Melvin, --- Kaminsky, Melvin, --- Criticism and interpretation. --- Adaptability (Psychology) --- Motion picture producers and directors --- Motion picture actors and actresses --- Screenwriters --- Adaptation (Psychology) --- Adaptive behavior --- Flexibility (Psychology) --- Malleability (Psychology) --- Personality --- Adjustment (Psychology)

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between labor market flexibility and unemployment outcomes. Using a panel of 97 countries from 1985 to 2008, the results of the paper suggest that improvements in labor market flexibility have a statistically and significant negative impact on unemployment outcomes (over unemployment, youth unemployment and long-term unemployment). Among the different labor market flexibility indicators analyzed, hiring and firing regulations and hiring costs are found to have the strongest effect.

Labor market --- Unemployment --- Joblessness --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Full employment policies --- Labor supply --- Manpower policy --- Underemployment --- Employees --- Market, Labor --- Supply and demand for labor --- Markets --- Econometric models. --- Supply and demand --- Labor --- Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment and Investment: Other --- Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: General --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Particular Labor Markets: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Labor market flexibility --- Labor market institutions --- Labor markets --- Unemployment rate --- Income economics

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The IMF staff report on Mexico’s financial policies has been satisfactory; these policies have been said to act as a buffer against risks that erupted during the global economic crisis. Mexico has been identified as a prudent and fairly well-managed economy. However, the issues that would pose a challenge to the financial sector and would hamper overall economic stability of the country were emphasized, and certain key areas that need attention on a priority basis were highlighted.

Finance, Public --- Economic development --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Finance --- Public debt --- External debt --- Exchange rate flexibility --- Oil prices --- Expenditure --- Debts, Public --- Debts, External --- Expenditures, Public --- Mexico

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Indonesia has experienced strong economic growth over the last forty years. At the same time, the proportion of Indonesians living below the poverty line has fallen dramatically. Nonetheless, around 12 percent of Indonesians remain in poverty and another 30 percent remain highly vulnerable to falling into poverty in any given year. In addition, Indonesia has experienced a number of crises in the last two decades, and such shocks are likely to continue in the future in an increasingly integrated global economy. Over the last fifteen years the Government has been developing social assistance programs designed to promote the poor out of poverty and protect poor and vulnerable households from both individual and more widespread shocks. The coverage, design and implementation of these programs continue to be improved as social protection in Indonesia matures, but a number of issues remain. One of the most important, and difficult, is how these programs can accurately target households who need those most. The challenge is to develop a targeting approach which includes most of the poor and vulnerable while minimizing leakage to the rich. At the same time, the system must be feasible, affordable, and accepted and used by all. Furthermore, identifying which households are poor is a difficult task in any developing country, but is particularly so in Indonesia, which has a very large population, a high degree of geographic dispersion, decentralization of much budgetary and operational governance, and frequent entry and exit of households into and from poverty. This evidence-based report builds in part on innovative research done collaboratively with the Government of Indonesia. In this respect Indonesia is contributing to the frontier of global knowledge on targeting, while also drawing on the experience of other countries. Moving from a thorough assessment of the current effectiveness of targeting in Indonesia, the report contains practical and detailed recommendations for the future. In particular, a National Targeting System is proposed, which envisages developing a single registry of potential beneficiaries to target social assistance to the right households, resulting in more accurate and cost-effective targeting outcomes, and ultimately stronger program impacts.

Accountability --- Administrative Costs --- Cash Transfers --- Child Mortality --- Community Involvement --- Conflict --- Corruption --- Data Collection --- Energy Subsidies --- Flexibility --- Food Security --- Gdp --- Good Governance --- Gross Domestic Product --- Health Insurance --- Household Consumption --- Household Income --- Housing --- Human Capital --- Inequality --- Living Standards --- Malnutrition --- Means Testing --- Nutrition --- Political Economy --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Line --- Poverty Monitoring & analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Savings --- School Attendance --- Services & Transfers to Poor --- Social Protections & Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor --- Social Safety Nets --- Transparency --- Vulnerable Groups --- Wages