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Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been recognized primarily as autocrine/paracrine factors that regulate embryonic development and organogenesis. However, recent studies have revealed that some FGFs function as endocrine factors and regulate various metabolic processes in adulthood. Such FGFs, collectively called endocrine FGFs, are comprised of three members (FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23: FGF15 is the mouse ortholog of human FGF19). These endocrine FGFs share a common structural feature that enables the endocrine mode of action at the expense of the affinity to FGF receptors. To restore the affinity to FGF receptors in their target organs, the endocrine FGFs have designated the Klotho family of transmembrane proteins as obligate co-receptors. By expressing Klothos in a tissue-specific manner, this unique co-receptor system also enables the endocrine FGFs to specify their target organs among many tissues that express FGF receptors.

Endocrine toxicology. --- Fibroblast growth factors. --- Protein binding. --- Receptors, Growth Factor --- Anatomy --- Glycoside Hydrolases --- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins --- Metabolic Phenomena --- Peptides --- Proteins --- Receptors, Peptide --- Biological Factors --- Hydrolases --- Phenomena and Processes --- Enzymes --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Receptors, Cell Surface --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Membrane Proteins --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Metabolism --- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor --- Fibroblast Growth Factors --- Endocrine System --- Glucuronidase --- Biology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Cytology --- Animal Biochemistry --- Fibroblast growth factors --- Endocrinology. --- Endocrine aspects. --- Metabolism. --- Fibroblast growth factor --- Life sciences. --- Gene expression. --- Cell biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Cell Biology. --- Gene Expression. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Genes --- Genetic regulation --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Expression --- Growth factors --- Mitogens --- Internal medicine --- Hormones --- Cytology.