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W związku ze zbliżającym się przeglądem Europejskiej Służby Działań Zewnętrznych – zaplanowanym w 2013 r. – kwestie personelu służby, bezpośrednio przekładające się na efektywność tej struktury mogą ponownie znaleźć się w centrum uwagi. Dotychczasowa polityka kadrowa i przebieg procesu rekrutacji – na bieżąco poddawane wnikliwej ocenie ze strony państw członkowskich – spowodowały, że dysproporcje w reprezentacji obywateli członków UE wśród personelu ESDZ zostały zmniejszone, ale nie wyeliminowane. Przegląd ESDZ powinien więc stanowić okazję do dalszego poszukiwania akceptowalnych i pozwalających wyrównywać istniejące deficyty rozwiązań, tak aby w perspektywie europejska dyplomacja wyposażona była w kompetencje i umiejętności na miarę wyzwań XXI wieku.

European federation. --- European communities.

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Russia is in the process of one of the most ambitious electricity sector reforms ever undertaken, reflecting the importance of an efficient and reliable electricity sector for promoting economic activity, growth and community prosperity. However, the outcome remains uncertain at this stage. Electricity reform is entering a critical phase in Russia. Hence, the IEA is updating its original work [Russian Electricity Reform: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities, see http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/archives/russianelec.pdf]. The new study will outline trends and progress since 2005, and will examine the key remaining challenges drawing on the experience of IEA member countries to inform the analysis as appropriate. It is being undertaken in consultation with key Russian stakeholders to ensure the analysis reflects a sound, evidence-based understanding of the key issues. This paper outlines some key issues and preliminary views emerging from IEA analysis and consultations to date, and is provided to facilitate more effective consultation and dialogue with key stakeholders. The IEA would welcome comments on the issues and questions raised in this document, or any other observations stakeholders may wish to raise that may be of relevance to this study. Please forward any written comments in English or Russian to RERS@iea.org. Comments would be gratefully received before close of business, Monday 30 April 2012. Any other questions in relation to this project should be directed to Douglas Cooke, Project Leader (doug.cooke@iea.org) or Isabel Murray, Russia Programme Manager (isabel.murray@iea.org).

Energy --- Russian Federation

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Russia is in the process of one of the most ambitious electricity sector reforms ever undertaken, reflecting the importance of an efficient and reliable electricity sector for promoting economic activity, growth and community prosperity. However, the outcome remains uncertain at this stage. Electricity reform is entering a critical phase in Russia. Hence, the IEA is updating its original work [Russian Electricity Reform: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities, see http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/archives/russianelec.pdf]. The new study will outline trends and progress since 2005, and will examine the key remaining challenges drawing on the experience of IEA member countries to inform the analysis as appropriate. It is being undertaken in consultation with key Russian stakeholders to ensure the analysis reflects a sound, evidence-based understanding of the key issues. This paper outlines some key issues and preliminary views emerging from IEA analysis and consultations to date, and is provided to facilitate more effective consultation and dialogue with key stakeholders. The IEA would welcome comments on the issues and questions raised in this document, or any other observations stakeholders may wish to raise that may be of relevance to this study. Please forward any written comments in English or Russian to RERS@iea.org. Comments would be gratefully received before close of business, Monday 30 April 2012. Any other questions in relation to this project should be directed to Douglas Cooke, Project Leader (doug.cooke@iea.org) or Isabel Murray, Russia Programme Manager (isabel.murray@iea.org).

Energy --- Russian Federation

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CENTRAL-LOCAL GOVERNMENT RELATIONS--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- FEDERAL GOVERNMENT--RUSSIA (FEDERATION)

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Over the last decade the "transition paradigm", which is based on the conviction that authoritarian political systems would over time necessarily develop into democracies, has been subjected to serious criticism. The complex political and societal developments in the post-Soviet region in particular have exposed flaws in the claim that a shift from authoritarianism to democracy is inevitable. Using case studies from the post-Soviet region, a broad range of international contributors present an original and innovative contribution to the debate. They explore the character of post-Soviet regimes and review the political transformations they have experienced since the end of the Cold War. Through a combination of theoretical approaches and detailed, empirical analysis the authors highlight the difficulties and benefits of applying the concepts of hybrid regimes, competitive authoritarianism and neopatrimonialism to the countries of the post-Soviet space.Through this in-depth approach the authors demonstrate how "Presidents, Oligarchs and Bureaucrats" in the region lead their countries, examine the sources of their legitimacy and their relationship to the societies they govern and advance the general theoretical debate on regime change and transition paths.

Russia (Federation) --- Politics and government --- Russia (Federation) - Politics and government - 1991 --- -Russia (Federation) - Politics and government - 1991 --- -Russia (Federation)