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This chapter summarised current knowledge on thymic senescence, a central immune tissue that suffers significant morphological changes and functional impairment during ageing. The epithelial network is in focus that provides the niche for developing thymocytes until adipose involution begins. We have discussed physiological thymic epithelial senescence in detail with respect to the signalling pathways involved in the process (Kvell et al. 2010). It has also been shown that steroid induced accelerated rate thymic epithelial senescence quite resembles physiological rate senescence (except for its speed) at the molecular level (Talaber et al. 2011). The data presented confirm that Wnt4 can efficiently rescue thymic epithelial cells from steroid-induced adipose involution at the molecular level (Talaber et al. 2011). Since physiological and steroid-induced thymic epithelial senescence are identical at the molecular level, it is anticipated that sustained Wnt4 presence in the thymic context can efficiently prolong FoxN1 expression, maintain thymic epithelial identity and prevent transdifferentiation towards adipocyte lineage. The same works identify LAP2[alpha] as a pro-ageing molecular factor promoting the trans-differentiation of thymic epithelial cells into preadipocytes via EMT. The thymus selective decrease of LAP2[alpha] activity through small molecule compounds could theoretically shift the delicate molecular balance towards the same direction as increased Wnt4 presence.

Cellular signal transduction. --- Cellular signal transduction --- Research.

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The ability of plants to exchange RNA molecules and transcription factors between cells and tissues is a relatively recent discovery. However, all areas of research such as plant development, metabolism, and plant pathogen interactions now realize the importance of this phenomenon. In this book, experts from the field of intercellular transport deal with various aspects on intercellular transport of viruses and plant endogenous macromolecules such as transcription factors, small silencing-induced and micro RNAs, and other RNAs and their function as signals. The aim of the book is to provide the basic information on the cell-to-cell transport mechanism and to give an overview of the current knowledge of this relatively new field of research. To quote the words of W.J. Lucas  “…pioneering discoveries in this field of cell-to-cell and long-distance signaling should certainly entice talented young scholars to join this frontier area of plant biology” . He is certainly right as we got only a first glimpse on the cellular factors regulating intercellular transport and the functional diversity of the ever-increasing number of proteins and RNA molecules found to move between cells. About the Author: Dr. Kragler is lecturer of plant cell biology at the University of Vienna and the University of Potsdam. After his postdoctorial research as a Schrödinger Fellow in the laboratory of W.J. Lucas at UC-Davis and as group leader at the Max. F. Perutz Laboratories in Vienna, Dr. Kragler joined in 2011 the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology in Golm, Germany. The main research topic of his group is on the function of intercellular transport of proteins and RNA in plants. Dr. Hülskamp holds a Full Professorship at the Botanical Institute, University of Cologne. He did his PhD on developmental biology of Drosophila melanogaster and changed the topic during his postdoctoral time at the University of Munich working with G. Jürgens and Harvard University in the laboratory of R. Pruitt. In 1994 he joined the ZMBP University of Tübingen as a group leader and accepted the current position as a Full Professor in 1999. His main research interest is the intercellular communication between plant cell in the context of developmental processes.     .

Botany. --- Plant breeding -- Genetics. --- Plant breeding. --- Plant cellular signal transduction. --- Plant genetics. --- Plant cellular signal transduction --- Plasmodesmata --- Phloem --- Plant proteins --- Cell interaction --- Small interfering RNA --- Messenger RNA --- Botany --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Botany - General --- Plant Physiology --- Life sciences. --- Plant science. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Sciences. --- Plant Genetics & Genomics. --- Plant Breeding/Biotechnology. --- Cellular signal transduction --- Plant cellular control mechanisms --- Plant Genetics and Genomics. --- Crops --- Agriculture --- Breeding --- Plants --- Genetics --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Floristic botany

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A multiplicity of biotrophic micro-organisms interact with plants in nature, forming symbiotic relationships that range from mutualism to antagonism. Microorganisms that have adopted biotrophy as a lifestyle are able to colonize the plant and often to cross the plant cell boundaries by forming intracellular structures that are the site of nutrient uptake/exchange. To establish themselves within plant tissues, both mutualistic and pathogenic biotrophs need to overcome the plant defense response through an exchange of molecular signals. Our knowledge of the nature of these signals and their function in the interaction has rapidly increased over the last few years. This volume focuses on the genetic, molecular and cellular components involved in the communication between partners of well-known symbioses, but also reports on the advances for less studied systems.

Plant cellular signal transduction. --- Symbiosis. --- Plant cellular signal transduction --- Symbiosis --- Botany --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Plant Physiology --- Plant Ecology --- Plant cell interaction. --- Consortism --- Life sciences. --- Biochemistry. --- Plant biochemistry. --- Plant ecology. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Plant physiology. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Ecology. --- Plant Sciences. --- Plant Physiology. --- Plant Biochemistry. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Plants --- Physiology --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Ecology --- Phytochemistry --- Plant biochemistry --- Plant chemistry --- Biochemistry --- Phytochemicals --- Plant biochemical genetics --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Composition --- Symbiogenesis --- Cell interaction --- Plant cellular control mechanisms --- Cellular signal transduction --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Floristic botany --- Floristic ecology

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Plants are sessile, highly sensitive organisms that actively compete for environmental resources both above and below the ground. They assess their surroundings, estimate how much energy they need for particular goals, and then realise the optimum variant. They take measures to control certain environmental resources. They perceive themselves and can distinguish between ˜self' and ˜non-self'. They process and evaluate information and then modify their behaviour accordingly. These highly diverse competences are made possible by parallel sign(alling)-mediated communication processes within the plant body (intraorganismic), between the same, related and different species (interorganismic), and between plants and non-plant organisms (transorganismic). Intraorganismic communication involves sign-mediated interactions within cells (intracellular) and between cells (intercellular). This is crucial in coordinating growth and development, shape and dynamics. Such communication must function both on the local level and between widely separated plant parts. This allows plants to coordinate appropriate response behaviours in a differentiated manner, depending on their current developmental status and physiological influences. Lastly, this volume documents how plant ecosphere inhabitants communicate with each other to coordinate their behavioural patterns, as well as the role of viruses in these highly dynamic interactional networks.

Biochemical engineering --- General ecology and biosociology --- biochemie --- Plant physiology. Plant biophysics --- systematische plantkunde --- landbouw --- Agriculture. Animal husbandry. Hunting. Fishery --- planten --- Plant cellular signal transduction --- Plant ecophysiology --- Transduction du signal cellulaire chez les plantes --- Plantes --- Ecophysiologie --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVBIOLO LIVBIOMO LIVMEDEC SPRINGER-B --- plants --- Évolution --- plant growth substances --- biological interaction --- Communication --- Jasmonates --- Defence mechanisms --- Host parasite relations --- Plant cellular signal transduction. --- Plant ecophysiology. --- evolution. --- Biokommunikation. --- Pflanzen. --- Signaltransduktion.

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Plants have evolved with a complex array of signaling molecules to facilitate their growth and development and their interactions with the environment.  A vast number of different peptide molecules form an important but until recently often overlooked component amongst these signaling molecules.  Plant peptide signals are involved in regulating meristem growth and organogenesis, modulating plant growth and homeostatic responses.  They also have important roles as signals of imminent danger or pathogen attack.  This volume focuses on the roles of various peptide signaling molecules in development, defence and homeostasis.  As it is likely that further plant peptide signaling molecules remain to be discovered, the last section takes a practical look at methods to identify new peptides and characterise their functions.

Botanical chemistry. --- Peptides. --- Plant cellular signal transduction. --- Botany --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Plant Physiology --- Life sciences. --- Plant biochemistry. --- Proteins. --- Plant anatomy. --- Plant development. --- Plant physiology. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Biochemistry. --- Plant Physiology. --- Protein-Ligand Interactions. --- Plant Anatomy/Development. --- Protein Science. --- Plants --- Physiology --- Development of plants --- Plant development --- Developmental biology --- Growth (Plants) --- Plant structure --- Structural botany --- Vegetable anatomy --- Anatomy --- Proteids --- Biomolecules --- Polypeptides --- Proteomics --- Phytochemistry --- Plant biochemistry --- Plant chemistry --- Biochemistry --- Phytochemicals --- Plant biochemical genetics --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Ontogeny --- Structure --- Cellular signal transduction --- Plant cellular control mechanisms --- Biochemistry. --- RNA-ligand interactions. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition --- Proteins .