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Geochemistry --- Geochemistry. --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Géochimie

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Fluid-aided mass transfer and subsequent mineral re-equilibration are the two defining features of metasomatism and must be present in order for metamorphism to occur. Coupled with igneous and tectonic processes, metasomatism has played a major role in the formation of the Earth’s continental and oceanic crust and lithospheric mantle as well as in their evolution and subsequent stabilization. Metasomatic processes can include ore mineralization, metasomatically induced alteration of oceanic lithosphere, mass transport in and alteration of subducted oceanic crust and overlying mantle wedge, which has subsequent implications regarding mass transport, fluid flow, and volatile storage in the lithospheric mantle overall, as well as both regional and localized crustal metamorphism. Metasomatic alteration of accessory minerals such as zircon or monazite can allow for the dating of metasomatic events as well as give additional information regarding the chemistry of the fluids responsible. Lastly present day movement of fluids in both the lithospheric mantle and deep to mid crust can be observed utilizing geophysical resources such as electrical resistivity and seismic data. Such observations help to further clarify the picture of actual metasomatic processes as inferred from basic petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical data. The goal of this volume is to bring together a diverse group of geologists, each of whose specialities and long range experience regarding one or more aspects of metasomatism during geologic processes, should allow them to contribute to a series of review chapters, which outline the basis of our current understanding of how metasomatism influences and helps to control both the evolution and stability of the crust and lithospheric mantle.

Chemical transformation. --- Metasomatism. --- Thermodynamic modeling. --- Geology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Mineralogy --- Metasomatism (Mineralogy) --- Mineralogy. --- Metasomatosis --- Earth sciences. --- Geochemistry. --- Geophysics. --- Earth Sciences. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Physical geology --- Crystallography --- Minerals --- Petrology --- Physical geography. --- Geography --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Physics

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A stable sustainable human society cannot be achieved without an understanding of the earth’s surface environment and the earth’s interior as it influences the surface, and of the interactions between humans and nature. According to earth system science, the earth system consists of subsystems, such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and humans, and the interactions among these subsystems. This book presents basic information on material science, the interaction between subsystems, and nature–human interactions. More specifically, chapters focus on the constituent materials of the earth and planets (rocks, water, carbon dioxide, etc.); interactions among subsystems (atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, humans);  dynamics of the earth system (plate tectonics, plume tectonics, global geochemical cycles including the earth’s interior); nature–human interaction (disasters, resources, environmental problems); and the origin and evolution of the earth and planetary system. Earth and planetary system science proposes the concept of “earth environmental co-oriented human society,” which could prove safe, stable, and sustainable in the long term.

Atmospheric physics. --- Earth sciences. --- Planetary science. --- Planetary systems. --- Earth sciences --- Planetary science --- Geology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Geology - General --- Dynamic & Structural Geology --- Planetology. --- Planetary sciences --- Planetology --- Geosciences --- Geochemistry. --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Earth Sciences. --- Earth Sciences, general. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Environmental sciences --- Physical sciences --- Geography. --- Ecology. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Population biology --- Cosmography --- World history --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Ecology --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology

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This book provides a comprehensive description of groundwater resources in Ethiopia and its various dimensions (groundwater as resource, environmental functions, and socioeconomics). The prevailing knowledge of groundwater resources in Ethiopia (or elsewhere in Sub Saharan Africa) was based on geological and stratigraphic framework known nearly four decades ago (mainly 1960's and 70's). Thanks to the substantial geoscientific research since the 70's a new set of relevant geological/stratigrahpic data has been created that helps to re-define our understanding of groundwater resources in Africa as a whole and in Ethiopia in particular: a) For the first time the basement aquifer of Ethiopia has been described hydrogeologically based on genesis of regoliths (deep weathering and striping history); clear regional difference in groundwater potential is shown for the first time; comparative accounty has been given regarding groundwater occurrence in the generally low grade basement rocks of Ethiopia (Arabian Nubian shield) and high grade basement rocks of the rest of Africa. b) For the first time groundwater occurrence in multilayred sedimentary rocks account for spatial variation in degree of karstification; deformation history, and stratigraphy. c) The vast volcanic aquifers of Ethiopia which have previously classified based on their ages are now reclassified based on age, morphology (eg. groundwater in plateau volcanics, groundwater in shield volcanics) and aquifer structure. d) The loose alluvio lacustrine sediments which were known as least extensive in previous works based on areal cover are in fact shown to host the most voluminous groundwater resources in Ethiopia. These aquifers have now been described based on their geomorphology, extent, and genesis. The aim of this book is to use these newly created knowledge to redefine the understanding of groundwater resources in Ethiopia.

Geochemistry. --- Geography. --- Geology. --- Groundwater -- Ethiopia. --- Groundwater --- Geography --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Physical Geography --- Water-supply --- Earth sciences. --- Hydrology. --- Hydrogeology. --- Environmental management. --- Earth Sciences. --- Hydrology/Water Resources. --- Environmental Management. --- Ground water --- Subterranean water --- Underground water --- Water, Underground --- Water --- Hydrogeology --- Availability, Water --- Water availability --- Water resources --- Natural resources --- Public utilities --- Water resources development --- Water utilities --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Natural history --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Engineering --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- Aquatic sciences --- Hydrography --- Geohydrology --- Geology --- Hydrology

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This book combines soil science, earth science, and environmental geochemistry, providing comprehensive background information for specialists interested in chemical-induced changes in the soil-subsurface system. Readers are introduced to the chemistry of contaminants that often disturb the natural soil-subsurface equilibrium as a result of human activity. While the soil-subsurface system has in many cases been affected by human impact, the effects of chemical contaminants on the actual matrix and properties have been largely neglected. The major focus of the book is on changes to the soil-subsurface matrix and properties caused by chemical pollution. By integrating results available in the literature, we observe that chemical pollutants may lead to the irreversible formation of a new soil-subsurface regime characterized by a matrix and properties different than those of the natural regime. In contrast to the geological time scales dictating natural changes to the matrix and properties of the soil-subsurface system, the time scale associated with chemical pollutant-induced changes is far shorter and extends over a “human lifetime scale.” The numerous examples presented in the book confirm that chemical contamination should be considered as an additional factor in the formation of a contemporary soil-subsurface regime that is different than that of the pristine system.

Earth science. --- Geographic information systems. --- Geology -- Data processing. --- Soils -- Analysis -- Data processing. --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Environmental Engineering --- Soil pollution. --- Soil mechanics. --- Soil engineering --- Soils --- Soils (Engineering) --- Contamination of soil --- Soil contamination --- Mechanics --- Environment. --- Geochemistry. --- Ecotoxicology. --- Soil science. --- Soil conservation. --- Environmental pollution. --- Terrestrial Pollution. --- Soil Science & Conservation. --- Geotechnical engineering --- Foundations --- Soil physics --- Pollution --- Soil remediation --- Soil salinization --- Environmental aspects --- Environmental toxicology. --- Conservation of soil --- Erosion control, Soil --- Soil erosion --- Soil erosion control --- Agricultural conservation --- Soil management --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Ecotoxicology --- Pollutants --- Environmental health --- Toxicology --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental quality --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Control --- Prevention --- Conservation --- Pedology (Soil science) --- Agriculture