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De Charles Quint à la Révolution française, que de modifications territoriales et de mutations ont connues les provinces septentrionales actuellement françaises (Flandres, Artois, Hainaut, Boulonnais, Cambrésis, etc) ! La plupart au XVIe siècle sont sous l'autorité de Charles Quint, héritier des ducs de Bourgogne, puis après 1555 de son fils Philippe II, roi d'Espagne. Mais, sous l'influence de la réforme protestante qui fait alors de nombreux adeptes, du mécontentement provoqué par un mode de gouvernement autoritaire, méprisant les libertés provinciales, de graves " Troubles " s'y produisent. Ils aboutissent à une quasi-indépendance de 1576 à 1579, année de la réconciliation avec l'Espagne. Après l'indépendance " limitée " sous le gouvernement des archiducs Albert et Isabelle (1598-1633), reprennent d'interminables guerres avec la France, sources de malheurs, ruines et morts. Entre 1659 et 1678, Louis XIV annexe progressivement ces provinces et les conserve en 1713 au traité d'Utrecht. Le nom de batailles ou de sièges mémorables, Arras, Dunkerque, Lens, Lille, Malplaquet, Denain et tant d'autres est lié à cette histoire tourmentée, ainsi que la construction par Vauban de la ceinture de fer et de ses citadelles. L'époque qui suit peut être qualifiée de " beau XVIIIe siècle ". Paix, croissance démographique, progrès agricoles, essor du commerce et de l'industrie, aménagement de l'espace, construction de bâtiments civils ou religieux marquent cette période qui, cependant, n'est pas exempte de misères. Après 1770, le système se lézarde et des fractures sociales apparaissent. Les cahiers de doléances de 1789 résument les mécontentements et les aspirations des Français

Nord-Pas-de-Calais (France) --- History. --- 944.28 --- 944.28 Geschiedenis van Frankrijk: dép. du Nord--(reg./lok.) --- Geschiedenis van Frankrijk: dép. du Nord--(reg./lok.) --- 944.26 --- 944.27 --- 944.27 Geschiedenis van Frankrijk: dép. du Pas-de-Calais--(reg./lok.) --- Geschiedenis van Frankrijk: dép. du Pas-de-Calais--(reg./lok.) --- 944.26 Geschiedenis van Frankrijk: Picardie: Somme; Oise; Aisne--(reg./lok.) --- Geschiedenis van Frankrijk: Picardie: Somme; Oise; Aisne--(reg./lok.) --- Calais (France) --- Saint-Pierre (Pas-de-Calais, France) --- Calais --- Regional documentation --- Libramont-Chevigny --- History of France --- France: North --- History --- Histoire --- France [Northern ] --- Nord, France --- --Nord, --- Pas-de Calais, --- XVIe-XVIIIe s., --- 1914-2014, --- 944.29 --- 944.29 Région Nord / Pas-de-Calais; de Franse Nederlanden; Frans-Vlaanderen--(algemeen) --- Région Nord / Pas-de-Calais; de Franse Nederlanden; Frans-Vlaanderen--(algemeen) --- anno 1800-1899 --- anno 1500-1799 --- France (nord) --- XVIe-XVIIIe s., 1501-1800 --- Acqui 2006 --- Nord, --- CIVILISATION MEDIEVALE --- NORD (FRANCE) --- FRANCE --- NORD-ARTOIS-PICARDIE (BASSIN) --- VILLES MEDIEVALES --- 06E-10E SIECLES --- PREHISTOIRE --- GEOGRAPHIE HISTORIQUE --- HAUT MOYEN AGE --- HISTOIRE --- MOYEN AGE --- NORD --- HAINAUT (BELGIQUE) --- BOURGOGNE (FRANCE, DUCHÉ) --- MONACHISME ET ORDRES RELIGIEUX --- 10E-15E SIECLES --- 9E-20E SIECLES --- CONDITIONS ECONOMIQUES --- 10E-13E SIECLES --- HISTOIRE RELIGIEUSE --- 11E-13E SIECLES

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In most industrialised countries, it can be seen that urban mobility and car traffic have stagnated since the early 2000s. In France, the report on traffic conducted by the National Transport Accounts Commission shows a similar break in the trend, which was confirmed by household travel surveys (EMDs) in most major cities, including Lille, Lyon and Strasbourg, and later by the National Transport and Travel Survey (ENTD), which shows that the trend can be attributed primarily to people living in large urban areas and provides an overall view of mobility: trips have become less frequent (with unbroken workdays) and less exclusively taken by car (as more young adults adopt multimodal behaviours), and car ownership is decreasing in the centre of greater Paris, as, for that matter, in the centre of London. Does this levelling-off of traffic suggest that the saturation point is near (with a decoupling of traffic and income trends in the most densely populated areas or above a certain standard of living) or, rather, a cancelling out of opposite trends (continued growth in rural and suburban areas and decline amongst residents of the most densely populated areas)? Is this a structural phenomenon (population ageing, etc.) or a cyclical one linked to rising and volatile fuel prices and the recession? We shall explore these issues in the light of data collected in France, supplemented by selected data from other developed countries, and then move on to a comparison with a number of Mexican cities in order to consider the extent to which, and in what timeframe, these trends could spread southward to the emerging economies.

Transport

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In most industrialised countries, it can be seen that urban mobility and car traffic have stagnated since the early 2000s. In France, the report on traffic conducted by the National Transport Accounts Commission shows a similar break in the trend, which was confirmed by household travel surveys (EMDs) in most major cities, including Lille, Lyon and Strasbourg, and later by the National Transport and Travel Survey (ENTD), which shows that the trend can be attributed primarily to people living in large urban areas and provides an overall view of mobility: trips have become less frequent (with unbroken workdays) and less exclusively taken by car (as more young adults adopt multimodal behaviours), and car ownership is decreasing in the centre of greater Paris, as, for that matter, in the centre of London. Does this levelling-off of traffic suggest that the saturation point is near (with a decoupling of traffic and income trends in the most densely populated areas or above a certain standard of living) or, rather, a cancelling out of opposite trends (continued growth in rural and suburban areas and decline amongst residents of the most densely populated areas)? Is this a structural phenomenon (population ageing, etc.) or a cyclical one linked to rising and volatile fuel prices and the recession? We shall explore these issues in the light of data collected in France, supplemented by selected data from other developed countries, and then move on to a comparison with a number of Mexican cities in order to consider the extent to which, and in what timeframe, these trends could spread southward to the emerging economies.

Transport