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This paper brings back the fiscal angle to the analysis of equal opportunities both by connecting traditional benefit-incidence analysis of public spending with equal opportunities and by conducting ex-ante micro-simulations on the fiscal cost of equal opportunity policies in education. Four simulations are conducted in Liberia, a country devastated by a civil war, with serious educational enrollment gaps and fiscal policies highly dependent on international aid. Results for the simulated policy scenarios (increases in teachers' salaries, elimination of both fee and non-fee costs borne by households, and targeting public spending on education to rural schools) point to very modest redistributive effects but very different patterns of winners and losers among groups of children in Liberia.

Equality of Opportunities --- Fiscal Cost --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Reduction --- Redistribution --- Simulations --- Liberia

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Over the last decade, Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs have become one of the most widely adopted anti-poverty initiatives in the developing world. Inspired particularly by Mexico's successful program, CCTs are viewed as an effective way to provide basic income support while building children's human capital. These programs have had a remarkable global expansion, from a handful programs in the late 1990s to programs in close to 30 countries today, including a demonstration program in the United States. In contrast to many other safety net programs in developing countries, CCTs have been closely studied and well evaluated, creating both a strong evidence base from which to inform policy decisions and an active global community of practice. This paper first reviews the emergence of CCTs in the context of a key theme in welfare reform, notably using incentives to promote human capital development, going beyond the traditional focus on income support. The paper then examines what has been learned to date from the experience with CCTs in the South and raises a series of questions concerning the relevance and replicability of these lessons in other contexts. The paper concludes with a call for further knowledge sharing in two areas: between the North and South as the experience with welfare reform and CCTs in particular expands, and between behavioral science and welfare policy.

Accounting --- Asylum --- Cash Transfers --- Child Labor --- Cost-Effectiveness --- Decision Making --- Developing Countries --- Economic Costs --- Economics --- Equity --- Family Health --- Finance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Capital --- Human Trafficking --- Immigration --- Incentives --- Income Inequality --- Income Poverty --- Income Redistribution --- Inequality --- International Cooperation --- International Food Policy Research Institute --- International Law --- Knowledge --- Labor Market --- Labor Policies --- Marketing --- Means Testing --- Migration --- Nutrition --- Political Economy --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Productivity --- Public Policy --- Refugees --- Respect --- Risk --- Risk Management --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Savings --- School Attendance --- Severance Pay --- Social Development --- Social Insurance --- Social Protections and Labor --- Unemployment --- Urban Areas --- Vulnerable Groups --- Women

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G. A. Cohen was one of the most gifted, influential, and progressive voices in contemporary political philosophy. At the time of his death in 2009, he had plans to bring together a number of his most significant papers. This is the first of three volumes to realize those plans. Drawing on three decades of work, it contains previously uncollected articles that have shaped many of the central debates in political philosophy, as well as papers published here for the first time. In these pieces, Cohen asks what egalitarians have most reason to equalize, he considers the relationship between freedom and property, and he reflects upon ideal theory and political practice. Included here are classic essays such as "Equality of What?" and "Capitalism, Freedom, and the Proletariat," along with more recent contributions such as "Fairness and Legitimacy in Justice," "Freedom and Money," and the previously unpublished "How to Do Political Philosophy." On ample display throughout are the clarity, rigor, conviction, and wit for which Cohen was renowned. Together, these essays demonstrate how his work provides a powerful account of liberty and equality to the left of Ronald Dworkin, John Rawls, Amartya Sen, and Isaiah Berlin.

Political science --- Communism. --- Social justice. --- Distributive justice. --- Capitalism. --- Equality. --- Political philosophy --- Bolshevism --- Communist movements --- Leninism --- Maoism --- Marxism --- Trotskyism --- Collectivism --- Totalitarianism --- Post-communism --- Socialism --- Village communities --- Equality --- Justice --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Social justice --- Wealth --- Market economy --- Economics --- Profit --- Capital --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Philosophy. --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Amartya Sen. --- Antony Flew. --- David Miller. --- G. A. Cohen. --- Isaiah Berlin. --- John Rawls. --- Ronald Dworkin. --- Thomas Nagel. --- brute luck. --- capability. --- constructivism. --- control. --- egalitarian justice. --- egalitarianism. --- egalitarians. --- equality. --- expensive taste. --- fairness. --- freedom. --- ideal theory. --- judgmental taste. --- justice. --- learn. --- legitimacy. --- liberals. --- libertarians. --- liberty. --- luck egalitarianism. --- money. --- moral theory. --- option luck. --- political philosophy. --- political practice. --- poor people. --- poverty. --- private property rights. --- property. --- redistribution. --- rich people. --- taxation. --- teach. --- utilitarianism. --- welfare.