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In the twenty years since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the fifteen new independent republics have embarked on unprecedented transitions from command economies into market-oriented economies. Important motivating factors for their reform efforts included issues of geographic and economic proximity to Europe and the influence of the pre-Soviet era histories in those countries. In the Shadow of Russia builds upon the conceptual frameworks that include geography and policy choices about economic integration in an analysis of the reform efforts of Kazakhstan and U

Kazakhstan --- Uzbekistan --- Economic policy

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Trade was also initially undermined by a severe recession. Kazakhstan is facing increased challenges from higher global commodity prices. Against this background, an encompassing policy response is needed to control inflation and mitigate the scope for second-round price effects. The increase of trade openness in the 2000s coincided with Kazakhstan becoming a major oil producer and exporter. A number of issues still need to be resolved to achieve free trade of goods and services within the borders of the union.

Inflation (Finance) --- Free trade --- Customs unions --- Oil industries --- Oilseed industry --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Free trade areas --- Tariff unions --- Commercial policy --- International economic integration --- Second best, Theory of --- Tariff --- Free trade and protection --- Trade, Free --- Trade liberalization --- International trade --- Finance --- Natural rate of unemployment --- Kazakhstan --- Cazaquistão --- Ha-sa-ssu-tʻan kung ho kuo --- Hasake si tan gong he guo --- Kasachstan --- Kazafusutan --- Ḳazaḥsṭan --- Kazak Respublikasy --- Kazakistan --- Kazakstan --- Qazāqistān --- Qazaqstan --- Qazaqstan Respublikasy --- Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy --- Republic of Kazakhstan --- Republic of Kazakstan --- Respublika Kazakhstan --- Республика Казахстан --- Казахстан --- קזחסטן --- カザフスタン --- Kazakh S.S.R. --- Commerce. --- Kazachstan --- Investments: Energy --- Exports and Imports --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Taxation --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Trade: General --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Energy: General --- Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- Petroleum, oil & gas industries --- Oil --- Tariffs --- Imports --- Prices --- Commodities --- Taxes --- Protectionism --- Exports --- Kazakhstan, Republic of

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Since 2000, the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan has been growing at an annual rate of between 8%-9%, making it one of the ten highest performing economies in the world. Kazakhstan alone attracts more foreign direct investment than all other Central Asian countries together. To date, the country’s strong economic performance has been driven largely by its natural resources sector. The oil and gas sectors alone attract three quarters of foreign investment inflows. However, Kazakhstan’s non-energy sectors also have competitive advantages that could be potential new sources for growth. In 2009 Kazakhstan launched a far-reaching programme to diversify its sources of foreign direct investment. To support this effort, it asked the OECD to undertake a three-year Sector Competitiveness Review. This report represents the first phase of this Review, which is an assessment and strategy to help Kazakhstan enhance the competitiveness of non-energy sectors including agribusiness, fertilizers, logistics, business services and information technology. While it acknowledges that the government has successfully implemented a first generation of business climate reforms, the report recommends that sector-specific policy barriers be further addressed. For example, policy makers could stimulate quality improvements and modernise production in some sectors by facilitating access to finance, attracting modern retailers and addressing skills gaps in the  workforce.

Investments, Foreign --- Competition --- Government policy --- Kazakhstan --- Economic policy --- Competition (Economics) --- Competitiveness (Economics) --- Economic competition --- Commerce --- Conglomerate corporations --- Covenants not to compete --- Industrial concentration --- Monopolies --- Open price system --- Supply and demand --- Trusts, Industrial --- Capital exports --- Capital imports --- FDI (Foreign direct investment) --- Foreign direct investment --- Foreign investment --- Foreign investments --- International investment --- Offshore investments --- Outward investments --- Capital movements --- Investments --- Economic aspects

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Death and Redemption offers a fundamental reinterpretation of the role of the Gulag--the Soviet Union's vast system of forced-labor camps, internal exile, and prisons--in Soviet society. Soviet authorities undoubtedly had the means to exterminate all the prisoners who passed through the Gulag, but unlike the Nazis they did not conceive of their concentration camps as instruments of genocide. In this provocative book, Steven Barnes argues that the Gulag must be understood primarily as a penal institution where prisoners were given one final chance to reintegrate into Soviet society. Millions whom authorities deemed "reeducated" through brutal forced labor were allowed to leave. Millions more who "failed" never got out alive. Drawing on newly opened archives in Russia and Kazakhstan as well as memoirs by actual prisoners, Barnes shows how the Gulag was integral to the Soviet goal of building a utopian socialist society. He takes readers into the Gulag itself, focusing on one outpost of the Gulag system in the Karaganda region of Kazakhstan, a location that featured the full panoply of Soviet detention institutions. Barnes traces the Gulag experience from its beginnings after the 1917 Russian Revolution to its decline following the 1953 death of Stalin. Death and Redemption reveals how the Gulag defined the border between those who would reenter Soviet society and those who would be excluded through death.

Concentration camps -- Social aspects -- Soviet Union -- History. --- Concentration camps -- Soviet Union -- History. --- Forced labor -- Social aspects -- Soviet Union -- History. --- GULag NKVD -- History. --- Political prisoners -- Soviet Union -- Social conditions. --- Prisoners -- Soviet Union -- Social conditions. --- Prisons -- Social aspects -- Soviet Union -- History. --- Prisons -- Soviet Union -- History. --- Soviet Union -- Social conditions. --- Concentration camps --- Prisons --- Political prisoners --- Prisoners --- Forced labor --- Social Welfare & Social Work --- Social Sciences --- Criminology, Penology & Juvenile Delinquency --- Compulsory labor --- Conscript labor --- Labor, Compulsory --- Labor, Forced --- Employees --- Convicts --- Correctional institutions --- Imprisoned persons --- Incarcerated persons --- Prison inmates --- Inmates of institutions --- Persons --- Prisoners of conscience --- Dungeons --- Gaols --- Penitentiaries --- Imprisonment --- Prison-industrial complex --- Death camps --- Detention camps --- Extermination camps --- Internment camps --- Detention of persons --- Military camps --- History --- Social aspects --- Social conditions --- Inmates --- Glavnoe upravlenie ispravitelʹno-trudovykh lagereĭ OGPU --- GULag NKVD --- Glavnoe upravlenie lagereĭ NKVD SSSR --- Glavnoe upravlenie lagereĭ OGPU (NKVD) SSSR --- GULAG NKVD SSSR --- Soviet Union. --- Совиет Унион. --- ГУЛаг НКВД --- ГУЛАГ НКВД СССР --- Главное управление лагерей НКВД СССР --- Главное управление лагерей ОГПУ (НКВД) СССР --- Главное управление исправительно-трудовых лагерей ОГПУ --- ГУЛаг ОГПУ --- GULag OGPU --- ГУЛаг --- GULag --- History. --- Soviet Union --- Social conditions. --- Brezhnev. --- Great Patriotic War. --- Gulag. --- Joseph Stalin. --- Karaganda camps. --- Karaganda region. --- Kazakhstan. --- Kengir. --- Soviet society. --- Stalin. --- Steplag. --- Warsaw Pact. --- camp system. --- corrective labor colony. --- forced labor. --- forced-labor camp. --- identity. --- inmates. --- internal exile. --- labor camps. --- mass release. --- penal institution. --- penal system. --- political institutions. --- political prisoners. --- prison society. --- prison. --- prisoner culture. --- prisoner uprising. --- prisoners. --- prisons. --- psychoprisons. --- reform. --- social control. --- socialism. --- socialist society. --- suppression. --- uprising. --- utopian society. --- violence. --- Internment camps -- Social aspects -- Soviet Union -- History. --- Internment camps -- Soviet Union -- History. --- Incarceration camps x --- Incarceration camps