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In Madagascar, donors have traditionally counted for almost half of the government's budget and have been, by far, the main source of funding in social sectors. Since the beginning of the crisis, official aid toward education, health, and social protection surged, reaching almost USD 260 million in 2010 against USD 180 million in 2008. This increased failed nonetheless to improve significantly social indicators. Official aid flows have been cut since beginning of the political crisis except to social sectors where donors have increased significantly their disbursements between 2008 and 2010. This increase has been justified on humanitarian grounds, to respond to the growing social distress of the population. Unfortunately, most social indicators have continued to fall, as evidenced by the recent drop in net registration rate in primary schools, the rate of births attended by medical staff, and the use of external medical consultations.
Aid Effectiveness --- Development Economics & Aid Effectiveness --- Donors --- Foreign Aid --- Governance --- Health --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Political Instability --- Politics and Government
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Conventional wisdom among policymakers in both the US and Europe holds that weak and failing states are the source of the world's most pressing security threats today. However, as this book shows, our assumptions about the threats posed by failed and failing states are based on false premises.
Security, International. --- Political stability. --- World politics --- Destabilization (Political science) --- Political instability --- Stability, Political --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Legitimacy of governments --- Collective security --- International security --- International relations --- Disarmament --- International organization --- Peace
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Over the past few years, international literature has highlighted the limitations of arthroscopic treatment for antero-inferior instability of the shoulder. Therefore, the question arises as to which technique ? open surgery or arthroscopy ? may represent the best alternative to the classical arthroscopic capsuloplasty. The volume is organized into eight chapters and presents eight different techniques. Each chapter describes the non-surgical and surgical algorithms for the treatment of unidirectional and multidirectional antero-inferior instabilities, with and without shoulder laxity. The chapters offer a detailed description of each technique, enhanced by 10?15 high-definition photographs, tips, tricks and pitfalls, as well as surgical steps. The book is aimed at medical students, fellows, specialists, orthopedic surgeons, physiotherapists, and rehabilitation and generalist physicians.
Orthopaedics. Traumatology. Plastic surgery --- schouder --- orthopedie --- Shoulder joint --- Articulation scapulohumérale --- Surgery --- Chirurgie --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVMEDEC SPRINGER-B --- Joint Instability --- Orthopedic Procedures --- Shoulder Joint --- Shoulder --- Surgery. --- Methods. --- Endoscopic surgery. --- Physiopathology.
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For individual countries, variable trade barriers can be used to reduce the volatility of domestic relative to world prices. If this is done by countries accounting for a large share of the market, its effect is offset by increases in world price volatility. This study shows the nature of the resulting collective action problem, with the policy being ineffective on average in stabilizing domestic prices while increasing the volatility of the income transfers from terms-of-trade changes. A simple approach to assessing the contribution of insulation to the price increases is developed and used with new estimates of agricultural distortions to assess its contribution to the price spikes in 1972-74 and 2006-08 for rice and wheat. The analysis suggests that 45 percent of the increase in rice prices in 2006-08, and 30 percent of the increase in wheat prices, was due to insulating behavior. One sign of progress since 1972-74 was a substantial reduction in the extent of price-insulating behavior by the industrial countries. This provides little stabilizing benefit in the rice market because countries not classifying themselves at the World Trade Organization as developing account for only 3 percent of world rice consumption. But it does offer some benefit for the wheat market where non-developing countries account for 27 percent of consumption.
Access to Markets --- Agricultural Price Distortions --- Agricultural Trade Policy --- Agriculture --- Collective Action Problem --- Commodities --- Commodity Price Instability --- E-Business --- Emerging Markets --- Food Price Volatility --- Food Prices --- Markets and Market Access --- Price insulation --- Rice Prices --- Rural Development --- Wheat Prices
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For individual countries, variable trade barriers can be used to reduce the volatility of domestic relative to world prices. If this is done by countries accounting for a large share of the market, its effect is offset by increases in world price volatility. This study shows the nature of the resulting collective action problem, with the policy being ineffective on average in stabilizing domestic prices while increasing the volatility of the income transfers from terms-of-trade changes. A simple approach to assessing the contribution of insulation to the price increases is developed and used with new estimates of agricultural distortions to assess its contribution to the price spikes in 1972-74 and 2006-08 for rice and wheat. The analysis suggests that 45 percent of the increase in rice prices in 2006-08, and 30 percent of the increase in wheat prices, was due to insulating behavior. One sign of progress since 1972-74 was a substantial reduction in the extent of price-insulating behavior by the industrial countries. This provides little stabilizing benefit in the rice market because countries not classifying themselves at the World Trade Organization as developing account for only 3 percent of world rice consumption. But it does offer some benefit for the wheat market where non-developing countries account for 27 percent of consumption.
Access to Markets --- Agricultural Price Distortions --- Agricultural Trade Policy --- Agriculture --- Collective Action Problem --- Commodities --- Commodity Price Instability --- E-Business --- Emerging Markets --- Food Price Volatility --- Food Prices --- Markets and Market Access --- Price insulation --- Rice Prices --- Rural Development --- Wheat Prices
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The Monitoring Survey of the Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations provides one of the only sources of evidence of development impact in fragile and conflict-affected states. Based on 13 national consultations and using a mixed methods approach, the survey has catalysed dialogue among national and international stakeholders and contributed to deepening consensus on key goals and priorities. This report synthesises main findings and recommendations from across these 13 countries, providing evidence from the ground of what works and what doesn’t.
Social stability --- Economic assistance --- History & Archaeology --- History - General --- Social stability. --- Economic assistance. --- Political stability. --- Developing countries --- Foreign relations. --- Destabilization (Political science) --- Political instability --- Stability, Political --- Economic aid --- Foreign aid program --- Foreign assistance --- Grants-in-aid, International --- International economic assistance --- International grants-in-aid --- Stability, Social --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Legitimacy of governments --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Social history --- Sociology --- Progress
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Ce rapport expose les résultats de la seconde Enquête de suivi de la mise en oeuvre des Principes d'engagement international deans les États fragiles et les situations précaires. Il est basé sur des consultations nationales menées dans les 13 pays (contre 6 pays en 2009) ayant répondu à l'appel concernant le suivi de la mise en oeuvre des PEF par les partenaires au développement, consultations qui ont reçu le soutien de la communauté internationale, au sein de laquelle le PNUD a joué un rôle central.
Social stability. --- Economic assistance. --- Political stability. --- Developing countries --- Foreign relations. --- Destabilization (Political science) --- Political instability --- Stability, Political --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Legitimacy of governments --- Economic aid --- Foreign aid program --- Foreign assistance --- Grants-in-aid, International --- International economic assistance --- International grants-in-aid --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Stability, Social --- Social history --- Sociology --- Progress
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This is an essentially self-contained book on the theory of convex functions and convex optimization in Banach spaces, with a special interest in Orlicz spaces. Approximate algorithms based on the stability principles and the solution of the corresponding nonlinear equations are developed in this text. A synopsis of the geometry of Banach spaces, aspects of stability and the duality of different levels of differentiability and convexity is developed. A particular emphasis is placed on the geometrical aspects of strong solvability of a convex optimization problem: it turns out that this property is equivalent to local uniform convexity of the corresponding convex function. This treatise also provides a novel approach to the fundamental theorems of Variational Calculus based on the principle of pointwise minimization of the Lagrangian on the one hand and convexification by quadratic supplements using the classical Legendre-Ricatti equation on the other. The reader should be familiar with the concepts of mathematical analysis and linear algebra. Some awareness of the principles of measure theory will turn out to be helpful. The book is suitable for students of the second half of undergraduate studies, and it provides a rich set of material for a master course on linear and nonlinear functional analysis. Additionally it offers novel aspects at the advanced level. From the contents: Approximation and Polya Algorithms in Orlicz Spaces Convex Sets and Convex Functions Numerical Treatment of Non-linear Equations and Optimization Problems Stability and Two-stage Optimization Problems Orlicz Spaces, Orlicz Norm and Duality Differentiability and Convexity in Orlicz Spaces Variational Calculus
Stability --- Mathematical optimization. --- Orlicz spaces. --- Spaces, Orlicz --- Ideal spaces --- Optimization (Mathematics) --- Optimization techniques --- Optimization theory --- Systems optimization --- Mathematical analysis --- Maxima and minima --- Operations research --- Simulation methods --- System analysis --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Motion --- Vibration --- Benjamin-Feir instability --- Equilibrium --- Mathematical models. --- Banach space. --- Functional Analysis. --- Optimization. --- Orlicz space. --- Stability.
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"Overcoming state fragility is one of the most important international development objectives of the 21st century. Many fragile states have turned into failed states, where millions of people are caught in deprivation and seemingly hopeless conditions. Fragile states lack the authority, legitimacy, and capacity that a modern state needs to advance the development of its peoples, and present deep challenges for the design and implementation of development policy. For instance, how is aid to be designed and delivered in a way that will help people in fragile states if their governments lack capacity to absorb and use aid? And what can be done about adverse side-effects of fragile states on their neighbours and the global community, such as heightened insecurity, rising out-migration, displaced populations, and the destruction of natural resources? This book documents the far reaching global repercussions of state fragility and provides a timely contribution to the international discourse on three dimensions of fragile states: their causes, costs, and the responses required. It will appeal to scholars, policymakers, and donors who are concerned about conflict and development. Its aim is to contribute to our understanding of how strong and accountable states can be fostered-states where government and civil society progressively advance human wellbeing, underpin households' resilience in the face of shocks, and form effective partnerships to maximize the benefits of development assistance."--Publisher's website.
Political systems --- Conflict management --- Political stability --- 321.1 --- AA / International- internationaal --- 841 Politiek bestel --- Destabilization (Political science) --- Political instability --- Stability, Political --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Legitimacy of governments --- Conflict control --- Conflict resolution --- Dispute settlement --- Management of conflict --- Managing conflict --- Management --- Negotiation --- Problem solving --- Social conflict --- Crisis management --- Theorie, ontstaan en evolutie van de staat
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This brief paper summarizes results from an analysis of the World Development Report (WDR) homicide dataset (February 24, 2010), which is based primarily on estimates from the United Nations Office against Drugs and Crime (UNODC), with some changes or additions from national sources and the World Health organization (WHO). Although homicide rates appear to be the most reliable cross-national measure of crime, the best estimates have are still probably much less reliable than parallel measures have for presence and scale of civil conflict involving organized armed groups. This is so for two main reasons. First, the data are collected and reported by country agencies (police, usually), and procedures, definitions, and competence can vary greatly across countries and over time within them. Looking at the time series for particular countries suggests in many cases that large changes must be due to changed procedures or data collection policies, rather than changes in actual homicide rates. Second, there is a great deal of missing data.
Corruption --- Corruption & anticorruption Law --- Crime --- Crime and Society --- Data Collection --- Democracies --- Economic Development --- Emerging Markets --- Good Governance --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Inequality --- Law and Development --- National Governance --- Per Capita Income --- Political Instability --- Private Sector Development --- Rule of Law --- Small Countries --- Social Development --- Violence
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