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The World Bank initiated a review of HIV prevention among injection drug users in Thailand, with the objective of providing technical assistance to strengthen national capacity to develop state-of-the-art injecting drug use harm reduction interventions. Thailand has received international recognition for its successful interventions to reduce the transmission of HIV among female sex workers and military recruits. It is looked upon as a role model for HIV education and awareness campaigns that include the extensive promotion and wide acceptance of condoms as an HIV prevention strategy. Thailand has the most progressive and comprehensive antiretroviral program in the region with a reported coverage of over 80 percent of eligible individuals. In 2001, it embarked on a progressive universal health care program that provides free access to a wide array of health care diagnostics and therapeutics for the people of Thailand. With these impressive achievements, it is remarkable how poorly Thailand has responded to the HIV epidemic among injection drug users (IDUs). From available data, it appears that the HIV prevalence rates among IDUs have remained high and stagnant over the last decade. Failure to provide effective interventions to reduce HIV transmission among drug users has resulted in unnecessary suffering, and for many, HIV-related death. Continued inaction threatens to undermine successful HIV prevention efforts in the country through ongoing HIV transmission among injection drug users and their sexual partners. The current focus on enforcement and punishment, along with the reliance on compulsory drug treatment centers, has done little to control drug use in Thailand. The unintended consequence of this approach has been to push drug users into precarious and dangerous environments that have directly led to risky drug using patterns and persistently high rates of HIV transmission. Adopting a harm reduction approach to deal with injection drug use could have a major impact on reducing HIV transmission as well as engaging drug users into better health care and effective drug treatment. This will require strong leadership in key government Ministries and related agencies so that the central stakeholders can roll out harm reduction programs. Thailand has the potential to greatly reduce the transmission of HIV among injection drug users and become a regional leader in harm reduction.

Adolescent Health --- Adolescents --- Amphetamines --- Antibiotics --- Capacity Building --- Cohort Studies --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Epidemiology --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hepatitis --- Hiv/Aids --- Human Rights --- Information Campaigns --- Informed Consent --- Injecting Drug Users --- Long-Term Care --- Morbidity --- Mortality --- Pharmaceuticals --- Population Policies --- Public Health --- Rehabilitation --- Sanitation --- Sex Workers --- Substance Abuse --- Technical Assistance --- Tolerance --- Tuberculosis --- Unsafe Sex --- World Health Organization --- Youth

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Viet Nam has undergone a major socio-economic transformation over the past quarter century, rising from one of the poorest countries in the world to a middle income country. Today it continues to develop rapidly, becoming more integrated with the global economy and undergoing significant regulatory and structural changes. Viet Nam has also made remarkable progress on gender equality, but important gender differences still remain. On the positive side Viet Nam has had considerable progress in addressing gender disparities in education, employment and health. The gender gap in earnings is lower in Viet Nam than in many other East Asian countries. Indeed by a number of measures, women's outcomes have improved significantly. However, upon deeper examination of the data, a number of challenges still remain. The report is organized into five chapters. The current chapter has provided a background to the report and the process through which it has been prepared. The next three chapters will deal with the substantive issues, focusing primarily on gender but addressing ethnicity and other forms of social inequality where relevant. Chapter two will provide an analysis of the situation and trends in gender equality in relation to the multiple dimensions of poverty, some of which are included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Chapter three will provide an in-depth gender analysis of livelihoods and employment, bearing in mind the likely impact of the recent crisis as well as the challenges of transition to middle income status. Chapter four will pick up on the issue of women's political participation in leadership positions and in the wider society. The final chapter will synthesize the key findings of the report and prioritize key recommendations.

Abortion --- Adolescents --- Child Care --- Child Mortality --- Climate Change --- Crime --- Decision Making --- Disabilities --- Discrimination --- Domestic Violence --- Drugs --- Economic Opportunities --- Educational Attainment --- Equal Opportunity --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Gender --- Gender Issues --- Gross Domestic Product --- Health Insurance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Rights --- Income Inequality --- Infant Mortality --- Injecting Drug Users --- Injuries --- Labor Market --- Life Expectancy --- Living Standards --- Market Economy --- Maternal Mortality --- Migrant Workers --- Migration --- Mortality --- Natural Resources --- Nurses --- Nutrition --- Population Policies --- Pregnancy --- Prenatal Care --- Prostitution --- Quality of Life --- Reproductive Health --- Rural Development --- Sanitation --- Secondary Education --- Sex Workers --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- Social Change --- Suicide --- Unemployment --- Universal Primary Education --- Urban Areas --- Urbanization --- User Fees --- Violence --- Vulnerable Groups --- World Health Organization

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This toolkit is the first of its kind to provide information on promoting and protecting the nutritional status of mothers and children in crises and emergencies. Latin America and the Caribbean is one of the most vulnerable regions in the world to major crises and emergencies. This toolkit aims to improve the resilience of the most vulnerable in times of intensified nutritional needs, most notably pregnant and lactating mothers as well as children less than two years of age. Its principal objective is to offer countries, when faced with the transition from stable times into and out of crisis, clear guidance on how to safeguard the nutritional status of mothers and children during times of stability, crisis, and emergency. The principal objective of this toolkit is to offer clear guidance, in a single-source compilation, that will assist countries in safeguarding the nutritional status of mothers and children during times of stability, crisis, and emergency. It aims to inform changes in countries' policies and practices and to guide their attempts to deal with persistently high prevalence rates of malnutrition among their poorest, least educated, and indigenous populations. This toolkit has been crafted so that it can be readily used by non-nutrition specialists.

Anemia --- Breastfeeding --- Child Health --- Civil Society Organizations --- Climate Change --- Communicable Diseases --- Crime --- Decision Making --- Diarrhea --- Disasters --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Economic Development --- Food Production --- Food Security --- Gross Domestic Product --- Gross National Income --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hiv/Aids --- Human Capital --- Hunger --- Hygiene --- Infant Mortality --- Labor Market --- Land Tenure --- Malaria --- Malnutrition --- Measles --- Micronutrient Supplementation --- Mortality --- Natural Disasters --- Natural Resources --- Nutrition --- Obesity --- Political Instability --- Population Policies --- Purchasing Power --- Refugees --- Respect --- Sanitation --- Social Change --- Social Networks --- Stunting --- United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees --- Urbanization --- Violence --- Vulnerable Groups --- Wasting --- Workers --- World Food Program --- World Health Organization

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China's 12th five-year plan (2011-2015) aims to promote inclusive, equitable growth and development by placing an increased emphasis on human development. Good health is an important component of human development, not only because it makes people's lives better, but also because having a healthy and long life enhances their ability to learn, acquire skills, and contributes to society. Indeed, good health is a fundamental right of every human being. Good health among a population can also enhance economic performance by improving labor productivity and reducing economic losses that arise from illnesses. The findings and recommendations can inform and promote a broad dialogue toward the development of a multisectoral response to effectively address the growing burden of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs), including a better alignment of the health system with the population's health needs. The report also advocates implementing 'health in all' policies and actions for a multisectoral response to NCDs in China to help achieve the ultimate goal of 'harmonious' development and growth.

Access to Health Services --- Adolescents --- Breast Cancer --- Burden of Disease --- Cardiovascular Disease --- Cervical Cancer --- Cities --- Decision Making --- Diabetes --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Environmental Health --- Expenditures --- Family Planning --- Females --- Food Safety --- Gross Domestic Product --- Health Care Costs --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Information --- Health Insurance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Professionals --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hiv/Aids --- Hospitals --- Human Resources --- Infant Mortality --- Injuries --- Insurance --- Life Expectancy --- Malnutrition --- Marketing --- Mental Health --- Migration --- Morbidity --- Mortality --- Mortality Rate --- Nutrition --- Obesity --- Pharmaceuticals --- Pharmacies --- Population Growth --- Pregnancy --- Public Health --- Purchasing Power --- Purchasing Power Parity --- Secondary Education --- Social Development --- Telemedicine --- Treatment --- Urban Areas --- Urbanization --- Violence --- Workers --- World Health Organization

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The Government of Vietnam sees hospital autonomy policy as important and consistent with current development trends in Vietnam. It is based on government policies as laid out in government Decree on financial autonomy of revenue-generating public service entities; and to 2006, it is replaced by decree on professional, organizational, human resource management and financial autonomy of revenue-generating and state budget-financed public service entities. These policies apply to public service entities in all sectors, including the health sector and hospitals. This policy is an important element of public administration reform in Vietnam, helping service entities survive and develop under the socialist-oriented market mechanism. It aims to help hospitals in fulfilling assigned professional tasks by allowing them to restructure their organization and staffing. The government has also allowed public service entities to mobilize private capital and joint ventures to organize activities and services responding to social and people's needs. This study will show that since the implementation of decrees, a number of improvements have been demonstrated within hospitals with respect to physical facilities, service provision, medical techniques, service quality and staff incomes, thus creating stability and satisfaction among hospital workers. But it also describes the international evidence that implementation of hospital autonomy comes with a risk of unintended outcomes driven by powerful financial incentives from the market place to increase revenue. These include supply induced demand, cost escalation, inappropriate care. There are some indications that such risks may be emerging in Vietnam as well, although these would need further research. Fortunately, there is also international evidence about policies that can mitigate such risks, and these are also described in this report. This report will inspire further studies and encourage policymakers to think about continuous improvement of policies.

Access to Health Services --- Capacity Building --- Cities --- Decision Making --- Developing Countries --- Doctors --- Economic Development --- Employment --- Expenditures --- Fee-For-Service Payments --- Financial Management --- Good Governance --- Health Information --- Health Insurance --- Health Law --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Human Resources --- Income Inequality --- Law and Development --- Medical Records --- Mental Health --- Mobility --- Mortality --- Pharmacies --- Population Policies --- Pregnancy --- Public Health --- Public Hospitals --- Public Policy --- Respect --- Social Health Insurance --- Surgery --- Unions --- Urban Areas --- Urban Population --- User Fees --- Waste --- Workers --- World Health Organization