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The United States Supreme Court's 1954 landmark decision, Brown v. Board of Education, set into motion a process of desegregation that would eventually transform American public schools. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of how Brown's most visible effect--contact between students of different racial groups--has changed over the fifty years since the decision. Using both published and unpublished data on school enrollments from across the country, Charles Clotfelter uses measures of interracial contact, racial isolation, and segregation to chronicle the changes. He goes beyond previous studies by drawing on heretofore unanalyzed enrollment data covering the first decade after Brown, calculating segregation for metropolitan areas rather than just school districts, accounting for private schools, presenting recent information on segregation within schools, and measuring segregation in college enrollment. Two main conclusions emerge. First, interracial contact in American schools and colleges increased markedly over the period, with the most dramatic changes occurring in the previously segregated South. Second, despite this change, four main factors prevented even larger increases: white reluctance to accept racially mixed schools, the multiplicity of options for avoiding such schools, the willingness of local officials to accommodate the wishes of reluctant whites, and the eventual loss of will on the part of those who had been the strongest protagonists in the push for desegregation. Thus decreases in segregation within districts were partially offset by growing disparities between districts and by selected increases in private school enrollment.

Education and state --- Segregation in education --- School integration --- African Americans --- Education --- Segregation --- Academic achievement. --- Affirmative action. --- African Americans. --- Asian Americans. --- Attendance. --- Black school. --- Border Region. --- Brown v. Board of Education. --- Calculation. --- Catholic school. --- Census tract. --- Central State University. --- Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools. --- Cheyney University of Pennsylvania. --- Civil Rights Act of 1964. --- Classroom. --- Common Core State Standards Initiative. --- Community college. --- De jure. --- Desegregation busing. --- Desegregation. --- Education. --- Elementary school. --- Equal Education. --- Equal opportunity. --- Ethnic group. --- Extracurricular activity. --- Finding. --- Fort Wayne Community Schools. --- Gary Orfield. --- Gordon Allport. --- Graduate school. --- Gunnar Myrdal. --- Harvard College. --- Harvard University. --- Higher education. --- Historically black colleges and universities. --- Household. --- Income. --- Institution. --- Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. --- Junior college. --- Kindergarten. --- Lincoln University (Pennsylvania). --- Magnet school. --- Matriculation. --- Metropolitan statistical area. --- Middle school. --- Milliken v. Bradley. --- Minority group. --- Mixed-sex education. --- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. --- National Association of Independent Schools. --- National Center for Education Statistics. --- New York City Department of Education. --- Ninth grade. --- Of Education. --- Office for Civil Rights. --- Pell Grant. --- Percentage point. --- Percentage. --- Policy debate. --- Private school. --- Private sector. --- Private university. --- Psychologist. --- Public school (United Kingdom). --- Public university. --- Racial "a. --- Racial integration. --- Racial segregation. --- Racism. --- Rates (tax). --- School choice. --- School district. --- School of education. --- Secondary education. --- Secondary school. --- Self-esteem. --- Separate school. --- Slavery. --- Social class. --- Social science. --- Sociology. --- Special education. --- State school. --- Student. --- Students' union. --- Suburb. --- Sweatt v. Painter. --- Teacher. --- Tenth grade. --- Tuition payments. --- Undergraduate education. --- University and college admission. --- University of North Carolina. --- University-preparatory school. --- University. --- White flight. --- Year.