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The reader is provided with information about methods of calibration of light sources and photodetectors as well as responsiveness of spectral instruments  ranging from near infrared to vacuum UV spectral, 1200 – 100 nm, and radiation intensities of up to several quanta per second in absolute and arbitrary units. The author describes for the first time original methods of measurements they created and draws upon over 40 years of experience in working with light sources and detectors to provide accurate and precise measurements. This book is the first to cover these aspects of radiometry and is divided into seven chapters that examine information about terminology, units, light sources and detectors, methods, including author’s original ones, of absolute calibration of detectors, spectral instruments responsiveness, absolute measurements of radiation intensity of photoprocesses, and original methods of their study. Of interest to researchers measuring; luminescence spectra, light intensities from IR to vacuum UV, spectral range in wide-light intensity ranges, calibrate light sources and detectors, absolute or relative quantum yields of photoprocess determination.

Optical radiometry -- Instruments. --- Radiation -- Experiments. --- Radiation -- Measurement. --- Radiation --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Analytical Chemistry --- Measurement --- Experiments --- Measurement. --- Experiments. --- Chemistry. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Materials science. --- Spectroscopy/Spectrometry. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Biological Microscopy. --- Analysis, Chemical --- Analytical chemistry --- Chemical analysis --- Metallurgical analysis --- Mineralogy, Determinative --- Radiation monitoring --- Radiometry --- Electromagnetic measurements --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Optics --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Interferometry --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Qualitative --- Spectrometry --- Material science --- Physical sciences

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X-ray diffraction crystallography for powder samples is a well-established and widely used method. It is applied to materials characterization to reveal the atomic scale structure of various substances in a variety of states. The book deals with fundamental properties of X-rays, geometry analysis of crystals, X-ray scattering and diffraction in polycrystalline samples and its application to the determination of the crystal structure. The reciprocal lattice and integrated diffraction intensity from crystals and symmetry analysis of crystals are explained. To learn the method of X-ray diffraction crystallography well and to be able to cope with the given subject, a certain number of exercises is presented in the book to calculate specific values for typical examples. This is particularly important for beginners in X-ray diffraction crystallography. One aim of this book is to offer guidance to solving the problems of 90 typical substances. For further convenience, 100 supplementary exercises are also provided with solutions. Some essential points with basic equations are summarized in each chapter, together with some relevant physical constants and the atomic scattering factors of the elements.

Crystallography. --- Engineering. --- Materials. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- X-ray crystallography --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Materials Science --- X-ray crystallography. --- Materials science. --- Solid state physics. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Nanotechnology. --- Materials Science. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Nanotechnology and Microengineering. --- Solid State Physics. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Crystallography --- Crystallography and Scattering Methods. --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Leptology --- Physical sciences --- Mineralogy --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectrometry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Optics --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Solids --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Material science --- Qualitative --- Analytical chemistry

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This book provides a comprehensive review of the present status of achievements in the area of soft X-ray laser sources, supplemented by information about sources based on relativistic laser˗matter interaction and their future, and incoherent sources within a very broad spectral range. The diversity of demonstrated or planned applications presented in the book supports the thesis that such sources have now reached a mature stage of development. There is a significant effort worldwide to develop very bright, ultra-short duration, radiation sources in the extreme ultraviolet and X-ray spectral regions, driven by a diversity of potential applications in nearly all branches of science. This book updates the status in this field and focuses on developments in laser plasma-based methods. The scheme of transient inversion proves its robustness by being dominant in the area of repetitive X-ray lasers pumped at grazing-incidence-geometry by optical lasers of moderate energy at increasing repetition rates – these characteristics enable them to be used in university-class laboratories. Experimental and theoretical progress associated with the seeding technique by high harmonics is well covered. This technique is important as it is also considered from the perspective of seeding X-ray free electron lasers. Dramatic progress in laser development and extending the available power range to the petawatt level is stimulating a new generation of methods of ultra-bright and ultra-short pulses of energetic X-rays. These methods, as well as some elements of attoscience based on high harmonics generation, are well represented. Finally, a comprehensive survey of possible applications of the described sources in different areas of science constitutes, by defining the parameter set of interest, a framework for considering the direction further developments will take.

Free electron lasers. --- Ultraviolet radiation. --- X-ray lasers -- Congresses. --- X-ray lasers. --- X-ray lasers --- Physics --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Atomic Physics --- Applied Physics --- Physics. --- Atoms. --- Matter. --- Plasma (Ionized gases). --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Atoms and Molecules in Strong Fields, Laser Matter Interaction. --- Plasma Physics. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Optics --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectrometry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Gaseous discharge --- Gaseous plasma --- Magnetoplasma --- Ionized gases --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Matter --- Stereochemistry --- Qualitative --- Constitution --- Analytical chemistry

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Terahertz science and technology is attracting great interest due to its application in a wide array of fields made possible by the development of new and improved terahertz radiation sources and detectors. This book focuses on the development and characterization of one such source - namely the semi-large aperture photoconducting (PC) antenna fabricated on Fe-doped bulk Ga0.69In0.31As substrate. The high ultrafast carrier mobility, high resistivity, and subpicosecond carrier lifetime along with low bandgap make Ga0.69In0.31As an excellent candidate for PC antenna based THz emitter that can be photoexcited by compact Yb-based multiwatt laser systems for high power THz emission. The research is aimed at evaluating the impact of physical properties of a semi-large aperture Ga0.69In0.31As PC antenna upon its THz generation efficiency, and is motivated by the ultimate goal of developing a high-power terahertz radiation source for time-domain terahertz spectroscopy and imaging systems. This Doctoral Thesis has been accepted by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, USA.

Femtochemistry. --- Millimeter wave devices. --- Optoelectronic devices. --- Submillimeter waves. --- Terahertz technology. --- Submillimeter waves --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Light & Optics --- Electricity & Magnetism --- Microwave spectroscopy. --- Photo electric devices --- Photo electronic devices --- Photoelectronic devices --- Submillimeter radiation --- Submillimeter-terahertz radiation --- Terahertz radiation --- Waves, Submillimeter --- Physics. --- Semiconductors. --- Lasers. --- Photonics. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Optical materials. --- Electronic materials. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Laser Technology, Photonics. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Molecular spectroscopy --- Radiofrequency spectroscopy --- Electronic apparatus and appliances --- Optical instruments --- Electrooptical devices --- Integrated optics --- Electromagnetic waves --- Radiation --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices. --- Optics --- Materials --- Electronic materials --- New optics --- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Masers, Optical --- Optical masers --- Light amplifiers --- Light sources --- Optoelectronic devices --- Nonlinear optics --- Optical parametric oscillators --- Crystalline semiconductors --- Semi-conductors --- Semiconducting materials --- Semiconductor devices --- Crystals --- Electrical engineering --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Qualitative --- Spectrometry --- Analytical chemistry

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Microscopy plays an integral role in the research and development of new medicines. Pharmaceutical Microscopy describes a wide variety of  techniques together with numerous practical  applications of importance in drug development. The first section  presents general methods and applications with an emphasis on the physical science aspects. Techniques covered include optical crystallography, thermal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry, microspectroscopy (infrared and Raman), and particle size and shape by image analysis. The second section presents applications of these techniques to specific topics of pharmaceutical interest, including studies of polymorphism, particle size and shape analysis, and contaminant identification.  Pharmaceutical Microscopy is designed for those scientists who must use these techniques to solve pharmaceutical problems but do not need to become expert microscopists.  Consequently, each section has exercises designed to teach the reader how to use and apply the techniques in the book.  Although the focus is on pharmaceutical development, workers in other fields such as food science and organic chemistry will also benefit from the discussion of techniques and the exercises. Provides comprehensive coverage of key microscopy techniques used in pharmaceutical development Helps the reader to solve specific problems in pharmaceutical quality assurance Oriented and designed for pharmaceutical scientists who need to use microscopy but are not expert microscopists Includes a large number of practical exercises to give the reader hands-on experience with the techniques Written by an author with 21 years of experience in the pharmaceutical industry.

Chemistry. --- Drug development. --- Drug discovery. --- Food science. --- Microscopy. --- Pharmaceutical technology. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy --- Drug development --- Investigative Techniques --- Optics and Photonics --- Diagnostic Imaging --- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical --- Pharmacology --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Physics --- Chemistry --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Diagnosis --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Drug Discovery --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Analytical Chemistry --- Technique --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Food --- Materials science. --- Spectroscopy/Spectrometry. --- Pharmaceutical Sciences/Technology. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Food Science. --- Biological Microscopy. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Biotechnology. --- Optics --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Pharmaceutical laboratory techniques --- Pharmaceutical laboratory technology --- Technology, Pharmaceutical --- Technology --- Science --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Qualitative --- Spectrometry --- Food—Biotechnology. --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Analytical chemistry