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Judicial power --- Judicial independence --- Constitutional law --- Political questions and judicial power --- Separation of powers

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Judicial power --- Judicial independence --- Constitutional law --- Political questions and judicial power --- Separation of powers

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Courts and judicatory institutions exercising a constitutional function are a feature of many communities nowadays. At one time, the institution of constitutional jurisdiction was a key element of political and judicial decision-making structures of only a few states, but since the Second World War and especially in the wake of the upheaval in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989 it has become very widely adopted. Where not only the procedures, but also the substance of political processes are subject to binding and final judgements, the constitutional jurisdiction develops particularly lasting and far-reaching effects: The rulings of the highest courts shape the political system and legal culture to such an extent that these courts themselves acquire the status of sovereign bodies. The legitimacy of this type of judicial review is examined in the book at hand. The study treats the subject of constitutional review as an abstract concept, brings typological order to the diverse forms of constitutional jurisdiction, conceives constitutional judgement as the institutionalised judicial reviewability of all acts of the state, and considers the valibility of constitutional jurisdiction in a constitutional democracy. The work argues that there are pragmatic reasons in favour of justifying a legal control of this kind and of ascertaining the suitability of the courts for that task. There are, however, no clear-cut principles either in favour of or against the systems of an all-embracing constitutional review. Supervision by the courts and judicatory institutions is addressed as a problem of political theory and philosophy of law. In order to follow this route, the work discusses some major theorems and topics - raised in current debates as well as deriving from the history of political ideas; likewise it offers a critical analysis of those doctrines. The issue of whether or not all state actions should be subject to judicial review is not simply a question of academic interest - its impact is a matter of concern to all citizens, not merely to experts. In view of the legal and political regimen of the European Union the problem of legitimate constitutional judgement is of prime importance. Verfassungsgerichtliche Institutionen- und Kompetenzprofile finden sich gegenwärtig in vielen politischen Gemeinwesen. Dort, wo nicht nur die Prozeduren, sondern sogar die Inhalte des politischen Prozesses dem letztverbindlichen Richterspruch unterliegen, entfaltet die Verfassungsrechtsprechung eine besonders nachhaltige und weitreichende Wirkung. Höchstrichterliche Entscheidungen prägen politisches System und Rechtskultur in diesem Fall derart, dass der Jurisdiktion der Status einer souveränen Instanz zukommt. Mit der Legitimität dieser Version von Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit befasst sich das vorliegende Werk. Es behandelt das Thema Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit als Abstraktum, bringt die Mannigfaltigkeit der Erscheinungsformen von (Verfassungs-)Gerichtsbarkeit in eine gedankliche Ordnung, konzipiert Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit als die institutionell verankerte gerichtliche Überprüfbarkeit sämtlicher staatlicher Akte und erörtert das "Ob und Überhaupt" von Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit im demokratischen Verfassungsstaat. Der Studie zufolge sprechen pragmatische Gründe sowohl für die Rechtfertigbarkeit einer solchen gerichtlichen Aufsicht als auch für die Geeignetheit der Gerichtsbarkeit hierzu. Prinzipientheoretische Eindeutigkeit hingegen lasse sich weder für noch gegen die Institution der umfassenden Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit anführen. Aktuelle Bedeutung besitzt die Problematik des legitimen verfassungsgerichtlichen Wirkens insbesondere im Blick auf die Rechts- und Herrschaftsordnung der Europäischen Union.

Judicial review --- Constitutional courts. --- Judicial power. --- Political questions and judicial power. --- Philosophy. --- Judicial review. --- philosophy of law.

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La fragilité des États a des conséquences négatives qui mettent en péril la vie de plus d’un milliard d’êtres humains. Si les États fragiles suscitent de plus en plus d’intérêt de la part de la communauté internationale depuis quelques années, ils sont encore à la traîne par rapport aux autres pays à faible revenu en termes de développement humain. La fragilité – et ses conséquences – peuvent déstabiliser des régions entières et avoir des répercussions à l’échelle mondiale. Relever les défis associés aux situations de fragilité exige une action internationale concertée pour soutenir des processus de renforcement de l’État étayés par de solides relations entre l’État et la société. Il est impératif de pouvoir compter sur des États qui fonctionnent pour faire reculer la pauvreté, maintenir la paix et atteindre les objectifs de développement convenus. La publication intitulée Soutenir le renforcement de l’État dans les situations de conflit et de fragilité : Document d’orientation présente les conceptions contemporaines du renforcement de l’État et des recommandations précises de bonne pratique. Elle reprend un cadre conceptuel internationalement accepté en matière de renforcement de l’État, nourri des réalités quotidiennes qui caractérisent les situations de fragilité ou de conflit. S’appuyant sur les bonnes pratiques déjà mises en œuvre sur le terrain, ce document d’orientation définit comment les pays développés et en développement peuvent mieux accompagner les processus de renforcement de l’État et consolider les fondations sur lesquelles se construisent des États légitimes et compétents. Les recommandations contenues dans ce document d’orientation portent sur des aspects essentiels de l’engagement international, de l’élaboration des stratégies aux activités quotidiennes sur le terrain et dans les services centraux, en passant par la conception et la mise en œuvre des programmes.

Political systems --- Act of state. --- Act of state --- Matter of state --- State, Act of --- State, Matter of --- Constitutional law --- International law --- Prerogative, Royal --- Rule of law --- Sovereignty --- Government liability --- Political questions and judicial power --- Law and legislation

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This book explains the reciprocal relations between the Supreme Court and the Israeli political system. It is based on a unique approach that contends that the non-governability of the political system and an alternative political culture are two key formal and informal variables affecting the behavior of several political players within the Israeli arena. The analysis illustrates the usefulness of such a model for analyzing long-term socio-political processes and explaining the actions of the players. Until this model changes significantly, the decisions of the High Court of Justice express the values of the state and enable Israel to remain a nation that upholds human rights. The Court's decisions determine the normative educational direction and reflect Israel's democratic character with regard to the values of human rights.

Courts of last resort --- Political questions and judicial power --- Constitutional law --- Human rights --- Judicial activism --- Judicial power and political questions --- Act of state --- Administrative discretion --- Judicial review --- Jurisdiction --- Law --- Rule of law --- Separation of powers --- Courts, Supreme --- Last resort, Courts of --- Supreme courts --- Appellate procedure --- Courts --- Appellate courts --- Constitutional courts --- Political aspects --- Israel --- General and Others