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The consortium has generated particles with a very narrow size distribution and with properties tailored to the application. The particles have a size of the order 3 to 5 micrometer in diameter. Particles have been characterized extensively with respect to mechanical and surface properties. In order to produce conducting spacers the particles have been coated with nickel and gold. The particles have been incorporated in small prototype LCD cells and these cells have been characterized with respect to performance. No significant distortion of the liquid crystal crystallization is observed in the vicinity of the particles and ion leakage tests showed no leakage.

Liquid crystal displays.

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Following the targeted word direction of Opto- and Nanoelectronics, the field of science and technology related to the development of new display technology and organic materials based on liquid crystals ones is meeting the task of replacing volume inorganic electro-optical matrices and devices. An important way in this direction is the study of promising photorefractive materials, conducting coatings, alignment layers, as well as electric schemes that allow the control of liquid crystal mesophase with good advantage. This book includes advanced and revised contributions and covers theoretical modeling for optoelectronics and nonlinear optics, as well as includes experimental methods, new schemes, new approach and explanation which extends the display technology for laser, semiconductor device technology, medicine, biotechnology, etc. The advanced idea, approach, and information described here will be fruitful for the readers to find a sustainable solution in a fundamental study and in the industry.

Liquid crystal displays. --- Displays, Liquid crystal --- LCDs (Liquid crystal displays) --- Flat panel displays --- Liquid crystal devices --- Laser physics

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Lasers --- Liquid phase epitaxy. --- Design and construction.

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Accurately predicting the behaviour of multiphase flows is a problem of immense industrial and scientific interest. Modern computers can now study the dynamics in great detail and these simulations yield unprecedented insight. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to direct numerical simulations of multiphase flows for researchers and graduate students. After a brief overview of the context and history the authors review the governing equations. A particular emphasis is placed on the 'one-fluid' formulation where a single set of equations is used to describe the entire flow field and interface terms are included as singularity distributions. Several applications are discussed, showing how direct numerical simulations have helped researchers advance both our understanding and our ability to make predictions. The final chapter gives an overview of recent studies of flows with relatively complex physics, such as mass transfer and chemical reactions, solidification and boiling, and includes extensive references to current work.

Multiphase flow --- Gas-liquid interfaces. --- Mathematical models.

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High performance liquid chromatography. --- Chromatographic analysis. --- Analysis, Chromatographic --- Chromatography --- Analytical chemistry --- Phase partition --- High performance chromatography --- High pressure liquid chromatography --- High sensitivity liquid chromatography --- High speed liquid chromatography --- HPLC (Chromatography) --- High pressure (Science) --- Liquid chromatography