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Inequality between world citizens in mid-19th century was such that at least a half of it could be explained by income differences between workers and capital-owners in individual countries. Real income of workers in most countries was similar and low. This was the basis on which Marxism built its universal appeal. More than 150 years later, in the early 21st century, the situation has changed fundamentally: more than 80 percent of global income differences is due to large gaps in mean incomes between countries, and unskilled workers' wages in rich and poor countries often differ by a factor of 10 to 1. This is the basis on which a new global political issue of migration has emerged because income differences between countries make individual gains from migration large. The key coming issue will be how to deal with this challenge while acknowledging that migration is probably the most powerful tool for reducing global poverty and inequality.

Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Global inequality --- Income --- Inequality --- Inequality between nations --- Labor in 19th century and today --- Migration --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction

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The field of social capital still lacks a recognized general theory. Accordingly, various and sometimes inappropriate measurements are used for it. Julia Häuberer contributes to filling in this gap and provides progress towards the creation of a formalized social capital theory based on the founding concepts of social capital of Bourdieu (1983) and Coleman (1988), and current concepts of Putnam (2000), Burt (1992) and Lin (2001). The second part of the monograph focuses on the quality of measurements of the more general concept of social capital derived in the first part. Therefore, the telephone survey “Social Relationships among Czech Citizens” conducted as a test-retest experiment is analyzed. This book is valuable reading for academics in Sociology and Political Science.

Sociology --- sociologie --- Sociology, general. --- Social Structure, Social Inequality. --- Sociology. --- Social structure. --- Social inequality. --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Organization, Social --- Social organization --- Anthropology --- Social institutions --- Social theory --- Social sciences --- Equality.

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In the three decades to the recent economic downturn, wage gaps widened and household income inequality  as measured by GINI increased in a large majority of OECD countries. This occurred even when countries were going through a period of sustained economic and employment growth. This report analyses the major underlying forces behind these developments. It examines to which extent economic globalisation, skill-biased technological progress and institutional and regulatory reforms have had an impact on the distribution of earnings. The report further provides evidence of how changes in family formation and household structures have altered household earnings and income inequality. And it documents how tax and benefit systems have changed in the ways they redistribute household incomes. The report discusses which policies are most promising to counter increases in inequalities and how the policy mix can be adjusted when public budgets are under strain. "Analyses rely on simple statistical techniques that are accessible to a large readership... the graphic and charts are of great help to gain a quick visual grasp of the various issues addressed." -Choice

Income distribution --- Wage differentials --- OECD countries --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Differentials, Wage --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Wages --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income

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Rodney claimed developing countries were heirs to uneven development and ethnic disequilibrium and was disturbed by the inability of intellectuals to share a common cause with the masses. He sought to lift the Caribbean people from the victimization of history and the poverty of material circumstance.

Equality --- Political activists --- Activists, Political --- Persons --- Political participation --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Rodney, Walter. --- رودني، والتر --- Guyana --- History --- Since 1966

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This paper proposes two related measures of educational inequality: one for educational achievement and another for educational opportunity. The former is the simple variance (or standard deviation) of test scores. Its selection is informed by consideration of two measurement issues that have typically been overlooked in the literature: the implications of the standardization of test scores for inequality indices, and the possible sample selection biases arising from the Program of International Student Assessment (PISA) sampling frame. The measure of inequality of educational opportunity is given by the share of the variance in test scores that is explained by pre-determined circumstances. Both measures are computed for the 57 countries in which PISA surveys were conducted in 2006. Inequality of opportunity accounts for up to 35 percent of all disparities in educational achievement. It is greater in (most of) continental Europe and Latin America than in Asia, Scandinavia, and North America. It is uncorrelated with average educational achievement and only weakly negatively correlated with per capita gross domestic product. It correlates negatively with the share of spending in primary schooling, and positively with tracking in secondary schools.

Education --- Education for All --- Educational achievement --- Educational inequality --- Inequality of opportunity --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Secondary Education --- Teaching and Learning --- Tertiary Education