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Die Bedeutung der Ökonomie im Gesundheitswesen steigt Jahr für Jahr. Hinzu kommt, dass die Allokation und Distribution von Gesundheitsleistungen immer häufiger in der Diskussion steht. Die Autoren beleuchten deswegen dieses Spannungsfeld: Sie stellen das Angebot und die Nachfrage von Gesundheitsleistungen dar, analysieren Krankenversicherungen unter Berücksichtigung bestehender Informationsasymmetrien und beleuchten zudem unterschiedliche Gesundheitssysteme in Europa und den USA. In diesem Kontext wird auch das Managed Care-Konzept im Detail vorgestellt.
Medical economics. --- Economics, Medical --- Health --- Health economics --- Hygiene --- Medical care --- Medicine --- Economic aspects
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The political economy of health care is complex, as stakeholders have conflicting preferences over efficiency and equity. This paper formally models the preferences of consumer and producer groups involved in priority setting and judicialization in public health care. It uses a unique dataset of stakeholder perceptions, from Uruguay, to test whether these hypotheses are consistent with empirical evidence. The results suggest that the expectations of the political economy literature are supported: 1) regulators of public healthcare are less concerned with efficiency considerations than consumers; and 2) less organized groups are more concerned about equity than more organized interest groups. With respect to the consequences of health litigation, the findings are only partially consistent with the health care governance literature. Consumers perceive litigation as more beneficial than health care providers and regulators do. Counter-intuitively, powerful interest groups seem less willing to use litigation to shape policy outcomes.
Economic Analysis of the Law --- Health Economics --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Law --- Health Litigation --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Political Economy --- Population Policies --- Stakeholder Analysis
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This paper takes a bibliometric tour of the past 40 years of health economics using bibliographic "metadata" from EconLit supplemented by citation data from Google Scholar and the authors' topical classifications. The authors report the growth of health economics (33,000 publications since 1969-12,000 more than in the economics of education) and list the 300 most-cited publications broken down by topic. They report the changing topical and geographic focus of health economics (the topics 'Determinants of health and ill-health' and 'Health statistics and econometrics' both show an upward trend, and the field has expanded appreciably into the developing world). They also compare authors, countries, institutions, and journals in terms of the volume of publications and their influence as measured through various citation-based indices (Grossman, the US, Harvard and the JHE emerge close to or at the top on a variety of measures).
Bibliometrics --- Health economics --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Law --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- History of economic thought --- Rural Development Knowledge & Information Systems --- Social Development
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The political economy of health care is complex, as stakeholders have conflicting preferences over efficiency and equity. This paper formally models the preferences of consumer and producer groups involved in priority setting and judicialization in public health care. It uses a unique dataset of stakeholder perceptions, from Uruguay, to test whether these hypotheses are consistent with empirical evidence. The results suggest that the expectations of the political economy literature are supported: 1) regulators of public healthcare are less concerned with efficiency considerations than consumers; and 2) less organized groups are more concerned about equity than more organized interest groups. With respect to the consequences of health litigation, the findings are only partially consistent with the health care governance literature. Consumers perceive litigation as more beneficial than health care providers and regulators do. Counter-intuitively, powerful interest groups seem less willing to use litigation to shape policy outcomes.
Economic Analysis of the Law --- Health Economics --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Law --- Health Litigation --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Political Economy --- Population Policies --- Stakeholder Analysis
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This paper takes a bibliometric tour of the past 40 years of health economics using bibliographic "metadata" from EconLit supplemented by citation data from Google Scholar and the authors' topical classifications. The authors report the growth of health economics (33,000 publications since 1969-12,000 more than in the economics of education) and list the 300 most-cited publications broken down by topic. They report the changing topical and geographic focus of health economics (the topics 'Determinants of health and ill-health' and 'Health statistics and econometrics' both show an upward trend, and the field has expanded appreciably into the developing world). They also compare authors, countries, institutions, and journals in terms of the volume of publications and their influence as measured through various citation-based indices (Grossman, the US, Harvard and the JHE emerge close to or at the top on a variety of measures).
Bibliometrics --- Health economics --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Law --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- History of economic thought --- Rural Development Knowledge & Information Systems --- Social Development
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This textbook offers a comprehensive theory of medical decision making under uncertainty, combining informative test theory with the expected utility hypothesis. The book shows how the parameters of Bayes’ theorem can be combined with a value function of health states to arrive at informed test and treatment decisions. The authors distinguish between risk neutral, risk averse and prudent decision makers and demonstrate the effects of risk preferences on physicians’ decisions. They analyze individual tests, multiple tests and endogenous tests where the test result is determined by the decision maker. Finally, the topic is examined in the context of health economics by introducing a trade-off between enjoying health and consuming other goods, so that the extent of treatment and thus the potential improvement in the patient’s health become endogenous. .
Clinical medicine --- Diagnosis --- Decision making. --- Diseases --- Examinations, Medical (Diagnosis) --- Medical diagnosis --- Medical examinations (Diagnosis) --- Medical tests (Diagnosis) --- Prognosis --- Symptoms --- Testing --- Health economics. --- Epidemiology. --- Medicine. --- Health Economics. --- Medicine/Public Health, general. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Public health --- Economics, Medical --- Health --- Health economics --- Hygiene --- Medical care --- Medicine --- Economic aspects --- Health Workforce --- Decision making --- Decision Support Techniques. --- Diagnosis.
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Many different strategies have been proposed to improve the delivery of health care services, from capacity building to establishing new payment mechanisms. Recent attention has also asked whether improvements in the way health care services are governed could make a difference. These approaches ask which factors-such as rules and institutions-influence the behavior of the system in ways that are associated with better performance and outcomes. This paper reviews the concept of governance as it is used in the literature on private firms, public administration, international development and health. It distinguishes between indicators that measure governance determinants from those that measure governance performance in order to propose a framework that is analytically coherent and empirically useful. The framework shows how these indicators can be used to test hypotheses about which governance forms are more useful for improving health system performance. The paper concludes by proposing specific measures of governance determinants and performance and describes the instruments available to collect and interpret them.
Culture & Development --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Health --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Indicators --- National Governance --- Performance --- Public Sector --- Social development
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Achieving the objective of China's current health system reform, namely equitable improvements in health outcomes, will be difficult not least because of the continuously growing income disparities in the country. The analysis in this paper shows that since 2000, disparity in selected health outcomes has been declining across provinces, largely due to earmarked central government allocations. By contrast, public expenditure on health is increasingly regressive (positively correlated with local income per capita) across provinces, and across prefectures and lower levels within provinces. The increasing inequity in public expenditure at sub-national levels indicates that incentives, responsibilities, and resources at sub-national levels are not well aligned with China's national priorities. To address the weaknesses in equity and efficiency that characterize China's health system and health outcomes, China's health system reform may require complementary reforms to improve governance for public service delivery across sectors.
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Many different strategies have been proposed to improve the delivery of health care services, from capacity building to establishing new payment mechanisms. Recent attention has also asked whether improvements in the way health care services are governed could make a difference. These approaches ask which factors-such as rules and institutions-influence the behavior of the system in ways that are associated with better performance and outcomes. This paper reviews the concept of governance as it is used in the literature on private firms, public administration, international development and health. It distinguishes between indicators that measure governance determinants from those that measure governance performance in order to propose a framework that is analytically coherent and empirically useful. The framework shows how these indicators can be used to test hypotheses about which governance forms are more useful for improving health system performance. The paper concludes by proposing specific measures of governance determinants and performance and describes the instruments available to collect and interpret them.
Culture & Development --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Health --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Indicators --- National Governance --- Performance --- Public Sector --- Social development
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Achieving the objective of China's current health system reform, namely equitable improvements in health outcomes, will be difficult not least because of the continuously growing income disparities in the country. The analysis in this paper shows that since 2000, disparity in selected health outcomes has been declining across provinces, largely due to earmarked central government allocations. By contrast, public expenditure on health is increasingly regressive (positively correlated with local income per capita) across provinces, and across prefectures and lower levels within provinces. The increasing inequity in public expenditure at sub-national levels indicates that incentives, responsibilities, and resources at sub-national levels are not well aligned with China's national priorities. To address the weaknesses in equity and efficiency that characterize China's health system and health outcomes, China's health system reform may require complementary reforms to improve governance for public service delivery across sectors.
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