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Robot arms have been developing since 1960's, and those are widely used in industrial factories such as welding, painting, assembly, transportation, etc. Nowadays, the robot arms are indispensable for automation of factories. Moreover, applications of the robot arms are not limited to the industrial factory but expanded to living space or outer space. The robot arm is an integrated technology, and its technological elements are actuators, sensors, mechanism, control and system, etc.

Robot hands. --- Hands, Robot --- Robots --- Automatic control engineering

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In sixteen essays authors explore the dramatic rise in the efficiency of European shipping in the three centuries before the Industrial Revolution. They offer reasons for the greater success of the sector than any other in making better use of labor. They describe the roots - political, organizational, technological, ecological, human - of rising productivity, treating those sources both theoretically and empirically. Comparisons with China show why Europeans came to dominate Asian waters. Building on past research, the volume is a statement of what is known about that critical sector of the early modern European economy and indicates the contribution shipping made to the emergence of the West as the dominant force on the oceans of the world.

Shipping --- World history --- Labor productivity --- Economic development --- Stevedores --- Transports maritimes --- Productivité --- Développement économique --- Débardeurs --- History. --- History --- Histoire --- Economic development - Europe - History. --- Economic development -- Europe -- History. --- Labor productivity - Europe - History. --- Labor productivity -- Europe -- History. --- Shipping -- Europe -- History. --- Shipping - Europe - History. --- Stevedores - Europe - History. --- Stevedores -- Europe -- History. --- Business & Economics --- Transportation Economics --- Productivité --- Développement économique --- Débardeurs --- Dock hands --- Dockers --- Dockhands --- Dockworkers --- Longshore workers --- Longshoremen --- Shore porters --- Waterfront workers --- Waterside workers --- Wharf labourers --- Wharfies --- Wharfys --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Labor output --- Productivity of labor --- Marine shipping --- Marine transportation --- Maritime shipping --- Ocean --- Ocean traffic --- Ocean transportation --- Sea transportation --- Shipping industry --- Water transportation --- Economic aspects --- Harbor personnel --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Industrial productivity --- Capital productivity --- Hours of labor --- Labor time --- Productivity bargaining --- Communication and traffic --- Marine service --- Transportation --- Merchant marine