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This book is written from the viewpoint of a deep connection between cosmology and particle physics. It presents the results and ideas on both the homogeneous and isotropic Universe at the hot stage of its evolution and in later stages. The main chapters describe in a systematic and pedagogical way established facts and concepts on the early and the present Universe. The comprehensive treatment, hence, serves as a modern introduction to this rapidly developing field of science. To help in reading the chapters without having to constantly consult other texts, essential materials from General Re

Big bang theory. --- Big bang cosmology --- Superdense theory --- Cosmogony --- Cosmology --- Expanding universe --- Big bang theory --- 539.12 --- 539.12 Elementary and simple particles (charge less than 3 including alpha-rays, beta-rays, gamma-rays as individual particles or as radiation) --- Elementary and simple particles (charge less than 3 including alpha-rays, beta-rays, gamma-rays as individual particles or as radiation) --- Universe, Expanding --- Astrophysics --- Red shift --- Univers --- Big bang. --- Expansion. --- Expanding universe. --- Expansion de l'univers

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X-ray diffractometry (XRD), a nondestructive technique, is an essential scientific tool capable of supplying users with fundamental data and information unobtainable by other techniques, and exhibits increasing usages and attracts intensive attention in modern science and technology. The complete cognition of many potentialities of XRD, however, requires an elementary knowledge of crystallography and X-ray science. Admittedly, certain routine applications of X-ray diffraction demand only little or no familiarity with this field, but most researchers want to go beyond these push-button applications and to use various techniques as powerful aids in both pure and applied research. This e-book aims at: (1) revealing theories and applicable skills of the novel two-dimensional and three dimensional (2D/3D) X-ray diffractometry for the structure characterization of material by providing an intuitive understanding of the description of instruments and methods, as well as a set of general mathematical models; (2) bridging present gaps between the basic texts and the specialist works.Based on asymmetrical-Bragg diffraction geometry which contains basic elements, a set of universal mathematical model has been built up, where two equations on the desired azimuth angle and a common scan mode are included.Compared with the previous literature, unique characters of this technique are: (1) multifunction; (2) simplicity of measurement; (3) depth/azimuth-resolved X-ray patterns for coatings; (4) texture measurement (rather than in the pole-figure method); and (5) profile analysis for size-strain broadening (not in the fitted - profile method). In addition, by reading the corresponding chapters it is possible to obtain many applications in five main fields.This book presented by Professor Cong Q.Z. et al provides a broad overview of 2D and 3D X-ray diffractometry and addresses the aforementioned points. Chapters written in respective fields enable the reader to be acquainted with a variety of topics ranging from the fingerprint characterization of crystalline materials to the determination of polycrystalline structure. The book is particularly useful to basic investigators, undergraduates, postgraduates,workers and experts interested in the latest advances in this exciting field.

Radiography, Industrial. --- X-rays --- X-rays. --- X-ray crystallography. --- Diffraction. --- Crystallography --- Rays, Roentgen --- Roentgen rays --- Roentgenograms --- Electromagnetic waves --- Ionizing radiation --- Radiation --- Cathode rays --- Radiography --- Vacuum-tubes --- Diffraction --- Industrial radiography --- Materials --- Radiographic examination of materials --- Radiology, Industrial --- Gamma rays --- Nondestructive testing --- Radioisotopes --- Industrial applications